Korea TESOL Journal, 2005 Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 135-141. [Review] Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (7th ed.) A. S. Hornby and Sally Wehmeier (Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pages: xii + 1780 + R119. (ISBN-13: 978-0-194316491, Paperback/CD pack) Reviewed by David E. Shaffer In this fast-paced, high-tech world we live in, the lifetime of a dictionary is quickly shrinking. The recently published seventh edition of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (OALD-7) follows the previous edition by merely five years, compared to fifteen years between the first two editions in the mid-twentieth century. In the tradition of previous editions, OALD-7 builds on its predecessors and is extremely up to date for a dictionary. This review will make comparisons of OALD-7 with the previous edition, OALD-6 (Hornby & Wehmeier, 2000), and with other prominent advanced learner’s dictionaries (ALDs) that have been recently published. It will first look at the features of headword entries, and then consider the general features of the dictionary and manner in which the product is presented. HEADWORD ENTRIES OALD-7 bills itself as having “more words. . .than any other advanced learner’s dictionary” (back cover), without specifying how many words it actually has. This is partially due to differing methods of characterizing headwords and treatments of polysemy. However, based on the number of pages the dictionary contains, at about 1,800 pages, OALD-7 is slightly larger than the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (CALD; 2003), 1,500 pages; Macmillan English Dictionary (MED; Rundell & Fox, 2002), 1650; and Longman’s Advanced American Dictionary (LAAD; Gadsby, 2002), 1700. It is also comparable to the Collins COBUILD English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 3rd edition (CCED-3; Sinclair, 2001) and 4th edition (CCED-4; Sage, 2004), and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE-4; Summers, 2003). With 300 more pages than OALD-6, it is estimated to contain 6,000 Korea TESOL Journal, 2005 Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 135-141. more words and phrases than the earlier edition. Among these additional words are many recently debuting in the lexicon. Approximately 2,000 of the new words appearing in the second edition of the Oxford Dictionary of English (Soanes & Stevenson, 2003) also appear in OALD-7. These include blog, my bad, CD-WR, crowd-pleaser, dirty bomb, firewall, keypal, phishing, SARS, and WMD, none of which can be found in the recently published CALD. Also included are authoring, local area network, and low-impact, new expressions that had been added to CCED-4 only a short time earlier. CCED-4’s bioterrorism is absent, but by parsing it into bio- and terrorism, the learner can arrive at the meaning through these headwords. Because of their high frequency of use, it is important to the learner that new words make their way into a dictionary as quickly as possible, and OALD-7 does a very good job of this. All the major ALDs are now corpus-based. OALD-7 is based on the British National Corpus, a massive database of over 100 million words of written and spoken English (though less than half the size of the Longman corpus) and the OED-based “corpus.” Corpora easily provide the information necessary for arranging polysemous words in order of frequency of use, as OALD-7 and others all do. Van der Meer (1997) points out that learners consider the sense of a word appearing first in an entry to be the most important. Knowing the relative frequency of use of a set of word senses is admittedly of some importance to the learner, but arranging the senses of words with the base sense first and progressing to the least literal sense would allow the learner to more inductively see this relationship in the progression of word senses away from the base sense, thereby aiding in vocabulary acquisition. Arranging according to frequency of use also allows unrelated meanings to be interspersed among related ones. To its credit, however, in some instances OALD-7 does place the base sense first, as with Mecca coming before mecca (p. 952), for example, while the non-literal, common noun mecca appears first in LDOCE-4, separate from the Saudi Arabian city Mecca in MED, and alone in CALD. As in OALD-6, and now in all major ALDs, OALD-7 employs guidewords to highlight the different major senses of a headword. As a result, unrelated homographs become grouped under a single headword. For example, under the headword fast, one will find the adjective meaning “quick” (p. 556) as well as the verb meaning “to not eat” (p. 557). It would seem more logical for etymologically unrelated words to appear as separate headwords to accentuate this difference for learners, as done in CALD (p. 445- Korea TESOL Journal, 2005 Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 135-141. 446; see Shaffer, 2003). For the definitions of words and senses of words, OALD-7 employs a combination of sentential and phrasal definitions. Though Wingate (2002) cautions that sentential definitions tend to impede rather than aid in the understanding of word meanings, they can be advantageous if they are well written and not overused, a balance that OALD-7 strikes. Appearing below is an example of the two forms of definitions employed in OALD-7 compared with the wordier sentential definitions of CCED-3: OALD-7: cloud. 1. if sth clouds your judgement, memory, etc., it makes it difficult for you to understand or remember something clearly. … 2. (of sb’s face) to show sadness, fear, anger, etc.; to make sb look sad, afraid, angry, etc. (p. 281) CCED-3 cloud. 3. If you say that something clouds your view of a situation, you mean that it makes you unable to understand the situation or judge it properly. … 5. If your eyes or face cloud or if sadness or anger clouds them, your eyes or your face suddenly show sadness or anger. (p. 275) The defining vocabulary used in OALD-7 consists of 3,000 words. These are the most frequently used words in English and are marked with a key after the headword. It would be more informative to mark words for different degrees of frequency, indicated by one, two, or three stars, as done in MED and CCED-4. Words are also marked as British and North American English where there are differences in pronunciation, spelling, or meaning. This is of great value to EFL learners, such as those in Korea, who are often exposed to both varieties, especially in readings, and may not be aware of the dialectal differences. GENERAL FEATURES One of the features that contributed to OALD-6’s appeal is back in expanded form in OALD-7 – the use of boxed material related to a nearby headword (see Shaffer, 2000). These boxes, highlighting information of particular importance, come in seven types. The More About boxes go into more detail about a word. For example, the meal box explains the usages of dinner, lunch, supper, and tea (p. 950). The highly useful Which Word boxes deal with easily confusable words, e.g., as/like, ashamed/embarrassed, may/can, persuade/convince. The Vocabulary Building boxes include items like “words that mean ‘break’“ (p. 180) and “actions expressing emotions,” which accompanies the headword body (p. 159). Popping up here and there are Word Family boxes highlighting Korea TESOL Journal, 2005 Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 135-141. words from the same base, e.g., stable/stability/stabilize, and Grammar Point boxes such as the one dealing with grammatical number for each and every (p. 480). Most intriguing are the British/American boxes, which point out differences between British and American English. One informed this author of differences that exist in British and American usages of course, program, and module (p. 351). The last type of box is new to OALD-7 and is by far the most common of all box types used – Synonyms. In addition to synonyms such as shade, tone, hue, tint, and tinge, these boxes may also include patterns and collocations. The synonym boxes will be a welcome addition for learners such as those in Korea who need to hone their vocabulary for TOEIC and similar tests. For test preparation, more of the grammar usage boxes would be welcomed. Alternatively, a column of syntactical information down the page, as found in CCED-3 (see Shaffer, 2001), would also be of great assistance to the Korean EFL learner. The addition of boxes focusing on spoken phrases, such as those found in LDOCE-4 (see Shaffer, 2004), would also have much to offer to the EFL student, as they have limited access to authentic speech. What this author would particularly like to see offered are metaphor boxes such as those in MED (see Shaffer, 2002), which introduce conceptual metaphors (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). Introducing the learner to conceptual metaphors such as “life is a journey” would give the learner insight as to why we say “the baby arrived” (MED, p. 812) and “he is at a crossroads in life.” Conceptual metaphors have the potential of showing the learner, as no other method can, that the way we think influences the way we speak. It is understood that it would be difficult to include all of these suggestions due to space considerations. An attractive addition that does not take up space is color, and OALD-7 makes the change from all black to color for important headwords and boxed text, a change that the other major ALDs had already made in their most recent editions. Though the color does make the text stand out more than before, the selected darker blue does so somewhat less than the brighter blues and red appearing in other ALDs. The illustrations in OALD-7 are not only more abundant but more aesthetically pleasing, in many cases employing photographed material rather than drawings. The addition of color and the change in illustrations give the dictionary a more “academic” look than that of OALD-6. Following the nearly 1,800 pages of lexical entries in OALD-7 are more than a hundred additional pages of useful information – colored sections of maps and featured topics, and a reference section. This reference section is extensive and contains Korea TESOL Journal, 2005 Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 135-141. invaluable information for the learner. It consists of subsections on grammar (including, conditionals, collocations, and idioms), study pages (writing emails, telephoning, electronic messaging), and other references (first names and geographical names, sayings and proverbs, and OALD-7s defining vocabulary of 3,000 words). Collecting all this information together in the back of the dictionary makes more sense and is more convenient than randomly interspersing sections of it through the dictionary, as done in OALD-6, especially since the pages of content have doubled. PRODUCT PRESENTATION While we are cautioned by a well-known proverb to never judge a book by its cover, we are also advised that “Clothes make the man.” And with this, Korean English learners agree. They rank physical characteristics very high in importance in evaluating and selecting a dictionary (Kent, 2001). Therefore, not only the contents but also the presentation of a dictionary must be taken into consideration. In size, OALD-7 has grown to 5.4 x 15.8 x 23.4 cm, equivalent to that of LDOCE-4 and at least as heavy. It is thus unlikely that a learner will carry it to school and back (electronic dictionaries have already replaced print dictionaries in the classroom in Korea), but OALD-7 is quite desirable as a desk reference. The paper quality is high, but character size and spacing between characters and lines have been slightly reduced from that of OALD-6, making the text slightly more difficult to read. OALD-7 is available on the Web in its entirety from the OALD home page <http://www.oup.com/elt/catalogue/teachersites/oald7/?cc=gb>. Also available from the home page are a section on word formation, several worksheets from the 64-page Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Resource Book (2005), and a corrective download for OALD-7 CD-ROM installation if problems are encountered. The OALD-7 CD-ROM may be purchased with the print dictionary. It contains everything in the print version of the 7th edition, as well as the entire contents of Oxford Learner’s Wordfinder Dictionary (1997) and the highly acclaimed Oxford Guide to British and American Culture (1999). Though ALDs do not include etymological information, 20,000 word origins can be found on the OALD-7 CD. Available for US$25.94 (list price: $39.30) with CD-ROM at Amazon.com, OALD-7 is comparable to LDOCE-4 in price as well as size, but is slightly more expensive than the other major ALDs ($19.00 - $22.00). Nevertheless, OALD-7 is well Korea TESOL Journal, 2005 Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 135-141. worth its price; any high-intermediate to advanced English learner would benefit from having a copy at their fingertips. It is a dictionary that the user will find satisfying use after use. THE REVIEWER David Shaffer holds a Ph.D. in linguistics and has been a professor at Chosun University in Gwangju, Korea, since 1976. In addition to semantics and conceptual metaphor, his academic interests lie in TEFL methodology, teacher training, and Korean lexical borrowing from English. He is considerably involved in the editing and publishing of Korea TESOL’s major publications and is a member of the organization’s executive council. Email: disin@chosun.ac.kr REFERENCES Cambridge advanced learner’s dictionary. (2003). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crowther, J., & Kavanagh, K. (1999). Oxford guide to British and American culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hornby, A. S., & Wehmeier, S. (Ed.). (2000). Oxford’s advanced learner’s dictionary of current English (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kent, D. (2001). Korean university freshmen’s dictionary use and perceptions regarding dictionaries. Korea TESOL Journal, 4(1), 73-92. Gadsby, A. (Ed.). (2002). Longman advanced American dictionary. Harlow, England: Pearson Education. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press. Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary resource book (7th ed.). (2005). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rundell, M., & Fox, G. (Eds.). (2002). Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners. Oxford: Macmillan Education. Sage, V. (Ed.). (2004). Collins COBUILD advanced learner’s English dictionary (4th ed.). Glasgow, Scotland: HarperCollins. Sinclair, J. (Ed.). (2001). Collins COBUILD English dictionary for advanced learners (3rd ed.). Glasgow, Scotland: HarperCollins. Shaffer, D. E. (2000). [Review of Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current English (6th ed.)]. Korea TESOL Journal, 3(1), 106-110. Shaffer, D. E. (2001). Learner dictionaries for the millennium. [Review of Collins COBUILD English dictionary for advanced learners (3rd ed.) and Longman advanced American dictionary]. Korea TESOL Journal, 4(1), 181-185. Shaffer, D. E. (2002). [Review of Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners]. Korea TESOL Journal, 5(1), 183-187. Shaffer, D. E. (2003). [Review of Cambridge advanced learner’s dictionary]. Korea TESOL Journal, 6(1), 161-166. Shaffer, D. E. (2004). [Review of Longman dictionary of contemporary English (4th ed.)]. Korea TESOL Journal, 7(1), 165-171. Soanes, C., & Stevenson, A. (Eds.). (2003). Oxford dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford Korea TESOL Journal, 2005 Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 135-141. University Press. Summers, D. (Ed.). (2003). Longman dictionary of contemporary English (4th ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Education. Trappes-Lomax, H. (1997). Oxford learner’s Wordfinder dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Van der Meer, G. (1997). Four English learner’s dictionaries and their treatment of figurative meanings. English Studies, 6, 556-571. Wingate, U. (2002). The effectiveness of different learner dictionaries: An investigation into the use of dictionaries for reading comprehension by intermediate learners of German (Lexicographica, Series Maior 112). Tubingen, Germany: Max Niemeyer Verlag. KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS USED ALD = Advanced learner’s dictionary CALD = Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. CCED-3 = Collins COBUILD English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (3rd ed.). CCED-4 = Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary (4th ed.). LAAD = Longman Advanced American Dictionary. LDOCE-4 = Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (4th ed.). MED = Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. OALD-6 = Oxford’s Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (6th ed.). OALD-7 = Oxford’s Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (7th ed.). OED = Oxford English Dictionary