Nichols, R. G. (1955). Ten components of effective listening. Education, 75, 292–302.
A close analysis of recent research makes it possible to be more explicit in devising training programs to improve listening comprehension. The author differentiates the ten components of effective listening that have been definitely identified. Each is given and discussed in full, some with several sub-points: (1) previous experience with difficult material; (2) interest in the topic at hand; (3) adjustment to the speaker; (4) energy expenditure of the listener; (5) adjustment to the abnormal listening situation; (6) adjustment to emotion-laden words; (7) adjustment to emotion-arousing points; (8) recognition of central ideas; (9) utilization of notes; (10) reconciliation of thought speed and speech speed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)