Test: Cognitive Psych Exam 2 (Chapter 3)

The importance of vision for humans is reflected in the:

In order to summarize the Gestalt psychologists' movement in a few words, one might say:

You are shown an odd-looking image and asked to identify it. According to our knowledge of object recognition, your first step would be gathering the raw data, and the second would be:

It is suggested that features have special status. Which of the following findings does NOT support this hypothesis?

A tachistoscope is a device used to:

A participant reads a list of words in which the word "elephant" appears several times. Later, the participant views another list of words. When the word "elephant" appears in the second list, the participant's response rate is faster than for other words not found on the previous list. This effect is an example of:

Participants were shown a visual stimulus for just 30 milliseconds and then asked, "Was there an E or a K in the stimulus?" We would expect the BEST performance if the stimulus was:

When identifying nonword letter-strings that are presented very briefly, participants tend to make specific kinds of errors. How would these errors be best described?

A response threshold is the:

English nonwords (e.g., "HICE") are easier to perceive than strings of letters not resembling English words (e.g., "RSFK") because:

One type of error that can result from feature nets is overregularization. Is overregularization a significant problem?

Biederman's recognition by components (RBC) model:

The form of brain damage identified as prosopagnosia is primarily characterized by an inability to:

The term "top-down processing" can be interchanged with the term:

Top-down mechanisms suggest that:

________ is the dominant sense for humans; we typically place our trust in this sense.

_________ is the process through which you manage to see the basic shape and size of an object. _________ is the process through which you identify what the object is.

Object recognition is essential whenever you want to _______ your knowledge to the world. It is also crucial to ________.

The Gestalt psychologists claimed that the perceptual ______ is often different than the _______ of its parts. Bruner later coined the phrase "_____ the ______ given" to describe some of the ways that our perception of a stimulus differs from (and goes beyond) the stimulus itself.

The Necker Cube is an example of a _________ --so-called, because people routinely perceive it first one way, and then another. The top of the cube can be perceived as if viewed from above (in which case it is a transparent version of Cube A) or as viewed from below (i.e., a transparent version of Cube B). You perceive the cube as having one ________ or the other. Your perception, in other words, goes beyond the information given in the drawing, by specifying an arrangement in _______.

Many stimuli that you encounter can (with a bit of effort) be reinterpreted). Little effort is needed, though, for a number of stimuli, which easily and naturally lend themselves to reinterpretation. These figures are often called "_________" because there are two prominent and stable interpretations of the figure. The vase illusion, for example, can be perceived as a vase centered in the picture, or it can be perceived as two profiles facing each other. In particular, it is neutral with regard to ___________, the determination of what is the figure (the depicted object, displayed against a background) and what is the ground.

With reversible figures, information that is actually reaching your eyes is _______ --the exact geometry of the figure is the ______, no matter how you perceive it. The change, therefore, is caused by ______ --a change in how you're organizing and interpreting the stimulus.

In the scene and overlay of the bowl of fruit, the unity of the two apple slices and the continuity of the stripes is "in the ____ of the ______," not the ________ itself.

The five Gestalt principles are ________, ________, _______, ________, and ________.

The Gestalt principle of _______ states that we tend to group items into columns rather than rows. The principle of ________ states that we tend to perceive groups, linking items that are close together. The principle of _________ states that we tend to see a continuous "green" bar rather than two smaller rectangles. The principle of _______ states that we tend to perceive an intact "triangle", reflecting our bias toward perceiving closed figures rather than incomplete ones. Finally, the principle of _________ states that we tend to interpret a form in the simplest way possible. We would see the form on the left as two intersecting "rectangles" rather than a single 12-sided irregular "polygon".

Each of us imposes our own interpretation on the perceptual input, but we all tend to impose the _______ interpretation, because we're all governed by the same _____.

With some figures, the shapes initially have no meaning, but after a moment, the hidden figure becomes clearly visible once it is _________. In other words, with one organization, the features are absent; with another, they're plainly present. Therefore, the features depend on how the form is ________ by the viewer.

People can easily "provide" missing features and can "_______" the missing features of a hollowed out word. It is the __________, not the ________, that must be first.

The fact that we can recognize cats from the side or the front, whether we see them close up or far away, demonstrates the ________ of stimuli that we recognize. This is also demonstrated by the fact that we can recognize words whether they are printed in large type or small, italics, or straight letters, and UPPER CASE or lower.

Your recognition of various objects, whether print or otherwise, is influenced in important ways by the ________ in which the objects are encountered.

Influences coming directly from the stimulus are termed __________ influences. Other influences come from YOU, rather than the stimulus itself, and involve supplementing the input with your broader knowledge. These are referred to as __________ influences.

We recognize parts by looking at their _______, their constituents--the arcs, for example, that make up a circle. To put this more generally, recognition might begin with the identification of __________ in the input pattern--the vertical lines, curves, diagonals, and so on.

The vertical lines, curves, and diagonals are the _________ of an input pattern. With these features appropriately catalogued, you could then start assembling the larger units. For example, if you've detected four right angles, you know you're looking at a _________.

People are remarkably fast and efficient when searching for a target defined by a _______ feature--for example, finding a vertical segment in a field of horizontals, or a green shape in a field of red shapes. People are much slower, however, in searching for a target defined as a _________ of features.

Damage to the parietal cortex can lead to a disorder known as ___________. People with this disorder appear relatively normal in tasks requiring them simply to detect ________ features in a display. They are impaired, however, in tasks that require them to judge how the features are bound together to form _______ objects.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to disrupt portions of the brain in healthy individuals. A study found that disruption of the ________ had no impact on performance when participants were searching a display for targets defined by a ________ feature (e.g., "find the red shape"). However, TMS slowed performance when participants searched for a target defined by a _________ of features ("find the shape that is red and round").

A(n) _________ is a device specifically designed to present stimuli for precisely controlled amounts of time. Each stimulus is followed by a post-stimulus _______ ---often just a random jumble of letters, such as "XJDKEL." The _______ serves to interrupt any continued processing that participants might try to do for the stimulus just presented.

In one experiment, Jacoby and Dallas showed participants words that were either very frequent or infrequent. Participants viewed these words for 35 ms, followed by a ______; under these circumstances, they recognized twice as many of the frequent words. This demonstrates that people's recognition of briefly visible stimuli depends on how ________ a stimulus is. Another factor influencing recognition is ________ of view. If participants view a word and then, a little later, view it again, they will recognize the word much more readily the second time around. The first exposure _______ the participant for the second exposure; more specifically, this is the case of ____________.

Participants in one study read a list of words aloud. The participants were then shown a series of words in a tachistoscope. Some of the words were from the earlier list and so had been primed; others were unprimed. For words that were high in frequency, 68% of the unprimed words were recognized, compared to 84% of the primed words. For words low in frequency, 37% of the unprimed words were recognized, compared to 73% of the primed words. This represents the process of ___________.

Words themselves are easier to perceive, as compared to isolated letters. This finding is referred to as the _____________. For instance, we might present a single letter--let's say K--followed by a post stimulus mask, and follow that with a question: "Which of these was in the display: an E or a K?" In other trials, we present a word--let's say "DARK"--followed by a mask, followed by a question: "Which of these was in the display: an E or a K?" Accuracy results were higher in the _________.

An E presented within the string "HZYE" will not show the _________ and therefore will not be recognized more readily than an E presented on its own. Easily _______ strings (like FIKE or LAFE) do provide a context benefit. If the string is not readily pronounceable (like HZYE) there's little or no context benefit.

We can use ________ to evaluate new strings, counting how often the letter combination FI occurs. We ask whether the sequences are high-________ ones or low-_______ ones. These statistical measures allow us to evaluate the "Englishness" of any letter string. Englishness, therefore, is a good predictor of word _________. The more English-like the string, the easier it will be to recognize that string, and the greater the context benefit the string will produce.

Contexts that don't follow normal ________ don't promote letter recognition. There is a strong tendency to misread less-common letter sequences as if they were more-common patterns; irregular patterns are misread as if they were regular patterns. Thus, for example, "TPUM" is likely to be misread as "TRUM" or even "DRUM." Regardless the size of the error, _______ words, partial words, or nonwords are read in a way that brings them into line with normal _______. In effect, people perceive the input as being more regular than it actually is. Our recognition seems to be guided by some knowledge of _______ patterns.

There is a network of detectors, organized in layers, with each subsequent layer concerned with more complex, larger-scale objects. The "bottom" layer is concerned with _______, and that is why networks of this sort are often referred to as _______, and the flow of information would be _______. Each detector in the network has a particular _______, which reflects the status of the detector at just that moment. When a detector receives some input, its _________ increases. A strong input will increase the ________ by a lot, and so will a series of weaker inputs. In either case, the ________ will eventually reach the detector's __________, and at that point the detector will ______--that is, send its signal to the other detectors to which it is connected.

In a _______, feature detectors respond to simple elements in the visual input. When the appropriate feature detectors are activated, they trigger a response in the letter detectors. When these are activated, in turn, they can trigger a response from a higher-level detector, such as a detector for an entire word.

Some detectors require a strong input to make them fire, while others will fire with a weak input. The difference is created in part by how ________ each detector is to begin with. Detectors that have fired recently will have a ________ activation level. Detectors that have fired frequently in the past will also have a _______ activation level. Activation level is dependent on principles of _____ and _______.

Frequent words have a ________ level of activation because detectors needed for recognizing these words have been frequently used. Presenting a word ______ time(s) will cause the relevant detectors to fire, but the word will be more easily recognized the ________ time around.

A layer added to the feature net, called __________, is a layer filled with detectors for letter _______ and are detectors of letter pairs.

Well-formed words involve familiar letter _________. You have never seen the sequence "HICE" before, but you have seen the letter pair HI and the pair CE. The detectors for these letter groups have ______ activation levels at the start and will fire with _______ input, making the corresponding letter combinations easy to recognize. However, with the string "RSFK", none of the letter combinations are familiar, so a ______ input will be needed to bring the relevant detectors to threshold.

If "CORN" is presented briefly, not all of its features will be detected. Imagine, for example, that only the bottom curve of the O is detected, and not the O's top or sides. This will (________) activate the O-detector, but it will also activate the detectors of various other letters having a _______ curve, including U, Q, and S. This will, in turn, send _______ activation to the appropriate ________ detectors. The CO-detector, however, is well primed because it is a frequent pattern, and so is likely to respond even though it is receiving only a ______ input. The other bigram detectors (for CQ or CS) are less well primed because they are not frequent patterns, and so will not respond to this ______ input. Therefore, "CORN" will be correctly perceived, despite the confusion at the letter level caused by the ______ signal.

If "CQRN" is presented briefly, not all of its features will be detected. Perhaps only the bottom curve of the Q is detected, and this will (_______) activate various other letters having a bottom curve, including O, U, and S. However, this is the same situation that would result from a brief presentation of "CORN"; therefore, by previous logic, this stimulus is likely to be misperceived as "______."

The network seems to rely on the knowledge that, for example, THE is a common sequence but TAE is not, and therefore chooses its interpretation of unclear or ambiguous inputs. Similarly, the network seems to ______ certain patterns and not others and is more efficient when the input lines up with those expectations. The better-_______ detector will be more likely to respond, and so that detector will be more likely to influence subsequent events. That's the entire mechanism through which these "knowledge effects" arise. That's how "expectations" or "inferences" emerge--as a direct consequence of the _________.

The network's "knowledge" is not _________ anywhere; it is not stored in a particular location or built into a specific process. Instead, we must look at the _______ between the level of priming and also how the _______ will lead to one detector being more influential than the other. The knowledge about bigram frequencies is _________ ---that is, it is represented in a fashion thats distributed across the network and detectable only if we consider how the entire network functions.

The feature net appears to make ________ and to know the rules of English ______. But the actual mechanics of the net are influenced by the detectors feeding into it. Each detector is _________.

Which of the following is a problem with the recognition-by-components model?

Each of the following is evidence for a feature theory of perception, EXCEPT

Which of the following is evidence of a double dissociation, suggesting differing underlying neural systems?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the perception of briefly presented words?

Which statement about feature nets is FALSE?

When Betty (an English speaker) is shown strings of letters tachistoscopically, she overregularizes them to follow the rules of common English spelling. This is because

The Rumelhart and McClelland model is different from the simple feature model in all the following ways EXCEPT that it includes

Which of the following is NOT supportive of the claim that perception is in the "eye of the beholder" and not in the stimulus itself?

9Individuals with a lesion to the parietal lobe perform normally when asked to search for a single feature in a display (e.g., find the round shape) but have trouble when asked to find, for example, the "blue, round shape" among other shapes that are blue (but not round) and round (but not blue). What conclusion do these findings support?

When you make an overregularization error in visual perception, what is the subjective experience like?

The existence of "bigram detectors" helps to explain which of the following?

In a word recognition study, participants were briefly shown words that differed in frequency and familiarity. After each word was shown, participants were asked to report aloud what word they had seen. Their accuracy recognizing these words is represented in the graph. Which of the following is the BEST interpretation of the data?

Which of the following is NOT generally true about perceptual systems?

Which effect CANNOT be explained by feature nets?

If the word "trum" is presented, people are most likely to recognize it as

What prediction could you make on the basis of the "recognition-via-multiple-views" approach to object recognition?

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the existing data on face recognition?

Is overregularization in word recognition beneficial overall?

What was the crucial innovation that defined the recognition-by-components (RBC) model?

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to serve as an effective prime for the word "bread"?

Which of the following illustrates a dissociation between form perception and object recognition?

Which condition would produce the most accurate response?

What is the purpose of using a mask in word recognition tasks?

What is the BEST example of top-down processing?

Which of the following offers the most support for the idea that object recognition is viewpoint dependent?

It's possible to make _______ about a page with remarkable speed, and this leads readers to adopt the strategy of reading some letters and making ______ about the rest. One does NOT need every letter to _______ what a word is; often the missing letter is perfectly predictable from the _______.

Activation of the _______ and _______ feature detectors causes activation in the "L"-detector; activation in the _______ detectors for T and H causes activation in the ________ detector for TH; and so on. However, activation of a detector can also serve to decrease the activation of other sectors through __________.

The McClellan and Rumelhart pattern-recognition model includes both ________ and ________ connections. Connections within a specific level are also possible--so that, for example, activation of the "TRIP" detector will ________ the detectors for "TRAP," "TAKE", or "TIME."

The McClelland and Rumelhart model is better able to identify _______ strings than _______ strings; this net is also more efficient in identifying characters in _______ as opposed to characters in __________.

__________ occur when activation of one detector causes activation in its neighbors. For example, detection of a T serves to "______" the "TRIP" detector. Other connections are called _________, and so (for example) detection of a G ________ or _______ the "TRIP" detector.

In the McClellan and Rumelhart model, ________ detectors (word detectors) can influence the __________ detectors, and detectors at any level can also influence other detectors at the same level. For example, suppose the word "TRIP" is briefly shown, allowing a viewer to see enough features to identify say, only the R, I, and P. Detectors for these letters will therefore fire, in turn activating the detector for "TRIP." Activation of this word detector will ________ the firing of other word detectors (e.g., detectors for "TRAP" or "TAKE") so that these other words are less likely to arise as distractions or competitors for the target word. At the same time, activation of the "TRIP" detector will _______ the detectors for its component letters--detectors for T, R, I, and P. The R-, I-, and P-detectors were already _______, so this extra activation "from _______" has little impact. But the T-detector was not _______ before. Activation of the word detector for "TRIP" implies that this is a _______ in which a T is quite likely. The detection of a letter sequence (the word "TRIP") makes the network more sensitive to elements that are likely to occur within that sequence.

The McClelland and Rumelhart model was designed initially as an account of how people recognize ____________. However, ______ can also be recognized by a feature network. For example, the ____________ includes several important innovations, one of which is the inclusion of an intermediate level of detectors, sensitive to ________ (short for "_________"). The idea is that _____ may serve as the building blocks of all the objects we recognize; they are, in essence, the alphabet from which all objects are constructed.

________ are simple shapes, such as cylinders, cones, and blocks that can be combined in various ways to create all the _______ we perceive. Only a SMALL set of these shapes is needed: According to Biederman, we need (at most) _______ different ______ to describe every object in the world, just as 26 letters are all we need in the alphabet.

The RBC (recognition-by-components) model uses a _______ of detectors. The lowest-level detectors are _____ detectors, which respond to edges, curves, etc. These detectors active the ______ detectors. Higher-level detectors are sensitive to _________ of ______. More precisely, _____ are assembled into more complex arrangements called " ____________," which explicitly represent the relations between ______. These assemblies activate the _______, a representation of the complete, recognized object.

Geons can be identified from virtually any angle of view, and so recognition based on geons is ____________. Geon-based models like _________ can recognize an object even if many of the object's geons are hidden from view. The fact that recognition of simple objects is relatively easy if the geons are easy to discern but more difficult if the geons are hard to identify adds strength to the claim that geon identification plays an important role in ______________.

A number of researchers proposed that people have stored in memory a number of different views of each object they can recognize. However, the number of views in memory is limited and so in many cases your current view won't line up with any of the available images. Therefore, recognition sometimes requires mental _________, and, as a result, will be slower from some viewpoints than from others. In other words, the speed of recognition will be __________, in which we can recognize objects from many different angles and our recognition is generally fast. However, __________ is faster from some angles than others.

A model for recognition that is _________, follows a multiple-views approach to object recognition, in which we can recognize objects from many different angles. It involves high-level detectors that each represent what the object looks like from a particular vantage point, and so the detectors ______ when there is a match to one of these ______ representations.

Damage to the visual system can produce a disorder known as ________ --an inability to recognize certain stimuli. There are several subtypes of ________, one of which is __________, in which people with this disorder lose their ability to recognize faces, even though their visual abilities seem to be intact. Face recognition has a strong dependence on _________.

In a certain study, four categories of stimuli were considered--right-side-up faces, upside-down faces, right-side-up pictures of common objects other than faces, and upside-down pictures of common objects. The results showed that people's memory for faces is _______ when compared with memory for other pictures (e.g., houses). However, performance is ________ when the pictures of faces are inverted.

The perception of faces is different from other forms of perception, with face perception more dependent on ________. This is demonstrated by the two Margaret Thatcher pictures. When __________, the pictures look relatively similar. However, when you turn the book upside down (so that the faces are ___________), the left-hand face looks ghoulish and the two pictures look very different from each other.

A patient with prosopagnosia lost the ability to tell cars apart; she is able to locate her car in a parking lot only by reading all the license plates until she finds her own. This demonstrates that prosopagnosia is not strictly a disorder of _______ recognition.

A particular brain site, the ___________, is specifically responsive to _________. It turns out though, that tasks requiring subtle distinction among birds, or among cars, also produce high levels of activation in this area. Apparently, the neural tissue "specialized" for ______ isn't used only for ________.

While we do have a specialized ________ system, it does NOT operate only on ________. Instead, the system seems crucial whenever a task has two characteristics: the task has to involve ______ specific individuals within a category, and the category has to be extremely ________.

Most networks begin with an analysis of a pattern's _______ (features, geons) and the networks assemble those _____ into larger _____. Face recognition, in contrast, doesn't depend on an inventory of a face's ______; instead, this recognition seems to depend on __________ of the face. In other words, the recognition depends on complex relationships created by the face's overall configuration--the spacing of the eyes relative to the length of the nose, and so on.

In _________, the features of a face still matter, however; the features CANNOT be considered one by one, apart from the _______ of the face. Instead, the features matter by virtue of the relationships and configurations they create. It's these relationships, not the features on their own, that guide __________.

Evidence for holistic processing comes from the _________ in face recognition. For instance, participants were asked to identify the top half of composite faces. The task was much ______ if the halves were properly aligned and _______ if the halves were not aligned. With the aligned faces, participants had a a(n) ______ time focusing on just the face's _____. Instead, they view the face as a _______, and this context changes their perception of the face's features, making it harder to recognize.

Feature nets are limited, because there are some targets--faces, and others--for which our recognition depends on _________, rather than _________ features. In addition, a feature net must be supplemented with additional mechanisms.

Letter recognition is improved by ______, so that the letter V, for example, is easier to recognize in the context "VASE." This is an example of "_______" effects--effects driven by your knowledge and expectations--and these particular _______ effects, based on spelling patterns, are easily accommodated by the network: _______ (from recency and frequency of use) guarantees that detectors that have often been used in the past will be ______ to activate in the future. In this way, the network "______" which patterns are common, and which are not, and is more receptive to inputs that follow the _______ patterns.

Words are _______ to recognize if you use them as part of a sentence than they are if you see them in isolation. For instance, imagine that we tell participants "I am about to show you a word very briefly; the word is the name of something you can eat." If we forced the participants to guess the word at this point, they would be unlikely to name the target word. However, if we briefly show the word "CELERY," we're likely to observe a large ________ effect; that is, participants are more likely to recognize "CELERY" with this cue than they would have been without the cue. A person needs to first understand each of the words in the instruction and the _______ of the instruction (i.e., the instructions could have been "something that can eat you"). This shows that we CANNOT view object recognition as a_________ process. Instead, knowledge that is external to object recognition (e.g., knowledge about what is edible) is imported into and clearly influences the process. What is crucial for this sort of _______ is what you know coming into the experiment, _________ derived from a wide range of life experiences.

Cognitive psychology has five main themes. For one, cognitive processes are _______ (NOT_______). We are always trying to "figure out" when we read (making ________), when we see events and objects, and when we listen (sounds; speech). We are always trying to ________ things in our environment.

Cognitive psychology has five main themes. For one, cognitive processes are very _________ and _______. We tend to ________ and _________ our cognitive abilities. For instance, computers cannot do most of what we can do. If our cognitive processes were "_______," we would perceive multiple forms of _______ instead of one (e.g., the exact shape of depth of an object).

Cognitive psychology has five main themes. For one, cognitive processes handle ______ information better than _______ information. It is easier for us to understand _______ wording than ______ wording and it is also easier to detect when something is _______ to a scene than when it is _______.

Cognitive psychology has five main themes. For one, cognitive processes are __________. In other words, all aspects/processes ________. We don't just use memory; we perceive as well.

Cognitive psychology has five main themes. For one, many cognitive processes rely on BOTH raw sensory information we receive (________) and knowledge/expectations of the world gained from experience (__________). We process more quickly when we can fill in gaps with _________ with what we _______ to be there.

__________ is data/stimulus driven (raw info); sensory event that EVERYONE gets. __________ is expectancy/conceptually driven (e.g., label or interpretation you apply to an object/idea). Everyone experiences the same ________ but _________ may differ (________).

_______ demonstrate that because we can perceive more (or less) than what is actually present proves that our cognitive processes contribute information NOT contained in a stimulus. (E.g., the lab done in class that involved having to provide descriptions for various ambiguous pictures).

Do we form expectancies about what we see and then fit what we see into that? Or is it vice versa? The answer is ____________---_______ AND _______ occur in ________ (at the same time).

There will always be ________ in an object, but we still identify it as belonging to some _______. The demonstrated ability to identify a pattern is not really helpful to understanding the process of object recognition. It is usually what we ________ do, and when, that helps us understand what we _______ do.

________ ("not knowing") is the inability to recognize objects even though vision, memory, language, and intelligence are normal. Individuals with this disorder can recognize objects as "objects" (pick them up even though they can't name them, etc.) and they can describe things from ________ (e.g., a glove) and can often tell what an object is if they are allowed only to _______ it (not _____ it).

_______ can tell what an object is by looking, but not by touching, as well as ___________ and ___________.

Individuals with __________ can't recognize objects due to an inability to perceive the overall _______. They can't draw, match, or describe the ______ of objects even though their vision is normal. Individuals with _______, however, display failure to put _______ together to _____ the greater ______ (they CAN identify parts, but not the overall ________).

Individuals with __________ display failure at a later stage; a patient fails to associate the form of an object with stored knowledge about that form (e.g., "Man who Mistook His Wife for a Hat")

The bottom line of object recognition is that it requires ________ (stimulus driven) as well as context-(or knowledge-or expectation-) driven (________) processing.

Object recognition occurs by first identifying the ________ of an object, and then ______ them into something we can identify. This suggests that we ______ "objects" as lists of _______. _______ are convenient to use for identification tasks.

The qualities that affect word recognition are ______ (how often words appear in print = how often we are exposed to them; _______ frequent = ______ accurate recognition) AND __________ (how long ago it was that we last saw it; _______ recent = _______ accurate).

According to the _________, words are easier to perceive than nonwords. Performance is better for words than _______ alone. This is a type of _______ effect; the better the _______, the better the effect. The _______ should be related to pronounceability and wordiness.

The Selfridge (1959) Pandemonium Model is an example of a __________ (networks of features) and involves a ________ (two features) level. Activation in this system follows ________ processing ONLY. How active ("noisy") a detector is at any given time depends on its _________ of activation and input. _______ activation can range from NO activation up to FULL activation (although some theories argue that _______ activation levels are possible). _______ activation is affected by recency and frequency, the two qualities that affect __________.

The _______ the base activation, the ________ additional input is needed to get the detector to ______.

McClelland & Rumelhart created the ___________ network model. This model is similar to __________, but incorporates (1) negative activation (i.e., ________) as well as, (2) more ___________ [bottom-up, top down, & lateral]. This model is often described as a "__________ network".

The ____________ network model is similar to McClelland & Rumelhart's interactive activation network model, but extends to _________ objects rather than just printed words. Biederman proposed ~36 ________ (__________) as physical features that make up our world. This approach offers the same advantages and disadvantages as previous network theories. The advantages are fast _________: can cope with poor or degraded inputs (e.g., most objects we see are partially obscured). The disadvantages are that it can make mistakes when reality does not match expectation--such as ________________________, which states that the world is ________: nonsense is unlikely to appear sensible by accident; therefore, assume that if something APPEARS sensible, it IS sensible (i.e., sensible things shouldn't occur by accident).

The network model approach seems to cover almost everything (regardless of senses). However, _______ processing behaves as though it has a special type of underlying process and a special part of the ______ (___________), which may be a speciality area that develops for identifying subtle differences (expertise) in __________.