Map 1. Global distribution of AIV with zoonotic potential* observed since 1 October 2023 (i.e. current wave)

Note: Symbols may overlap for events in similar geographic locations.

Map 2. Global distribution of AIV with zoonotic potential* observed in the period 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023 (i.e. previous wave)

Note: Symbols may overlap for events in similar geographic locations.

Recent publications

MAMMALS

Ly, H. 2024. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infections of dairy cattle and livestock handlers in the United States of America. Virulence, 15(1):2343931. reference

Branda, F., Romano, C., Giovanetti, M., Ciccozzi, A., Ciccozzi, M. & Scarpa, F. 2024. Emerging threats: Is highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in dairy herds a prelude to a new pandemic? Travel Med Infect Dis, 59:102721. reference

Kozlov, M., Mallapaty, S. 2024. Bird flu outbreak in US cows: why scientists are concerned. Nature, 628(8008):484-485. reference

Looi, M.K. 2024. Bird flu: Person with rare strain in US sparks alarm about cow transmission. BMJ, 385:q797. reference

Cohen, J. 2024. Worries about bird flu in U.S. cattle intensify. Science, 384(6691):12-13. reference

De Conto F. 2024. Avian Influenza A Viruses Modulate the Cellular Cytoskeleton during Infection of Mammalian Hosts. Pathogens, 13(3):249. reference

Murawski, A., Fabrizio, T., Ossiboff, R., Kackos, C., Jeevan, T., Jones, J.C., Kandeil, A., Walker, D., et al. 2024. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in a common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in Florida. Commun Biol. 7(1):476. reference

Runstadler, J.A. & Puryear, W.B. 2024. The virus is out of the barn: the emergence of HPAI as a pathogen of avian and mammalian wildlife around the globe. Am J Vet Res, 2024 Apr 13:1-7. reference

Stokstad, E. 2024. In Antarctica, scientists track a dangerous bird flu. Science, 383(6689):1281. reference

Muñoz G, Mendieta V, Ulloa M, Agüero B, Torres CG, Kruger L, Neira V. 2024. Lack of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in the South Shetland Islands in Antarctica, Early 2023. Animals (Basel), 14(7):1008. reference

Huang, C., Yu, L., Xu, Y., Huang, J., Qin, Y., Guo, X., Zeng, Y., et al. 2024. Long-term co-circulation of multiple influenza A viruses in pigs, Guangxi, China. Emerg Microbes Infect, 13(1):2337673. reference

Wille, M., Atkinson, R., Barr, I.G., Burgoyne, C., Bond, A.L., Boyle, D., Christie, M., et al. 2024. Long-Distance Avian Migrants Fail to Bring 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 Into Australia for a Second Year in a Row. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 18(4):e13281. reference

WILDBIRDS

Puryear, W.B. & Runstadler, J.A. 2024. High-pathogenicity avian influenza in wildlife: a changing disease dynamic that is expanding in wild birds and having an increasing impact on a growing number of mammals. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 262(5):601-609. reference

Graziosi, G., Lupini, C., Gobbo, F., Zecchin, B., Quaglia, G., Pedrazzoli, S., Lizzi, G., et al. 2024. Genetic Diversity of Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Waterbirds in Northeast Italy Using Two Different Sampling Strategies. Animals (Basel), 14(7):1018. reference

Mine, J., Takadate, Y., Kumagai, A., Sakuma, S., Tsunekuni, R., Miyazawa, K. & Uchida Y. 2024. Genetics of H5N1 and H5N8 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Japan in Winter 2021-2022. Viruses, 16(3):358. reference

Si, Y., Skidmore, A.K., Wang, T., de Boer, W.F., Debba, P., Toxopeus, A. G., Li, L. & Prins, H.H. 2009. Spatio-temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match bird migration patterns. Geospatial Health, 4(1):65–78. reference

DOMESTIC BIRDS

Nidra, F.Y., Monir, M.B. & Dewan, S.M.R. 2024. Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Outbreak 2024 in Cambodia: Worries Over the Possible Spread of the Virus to Other Asian Nations and the Strategic Outlook for its Control. Environ Health Insights, 18:11786302241246453. reference

El-Shemy, A.A., Amer, M.M., Hassan, H.M. & Elaish, M. 2024. Epidemiological distribution of respiratory viral pathogens in marketable vaccinated broiler chickens in five governorates in the Nile Delta, Egypt, from January 2022 to October 2022. Vet World, 17(2):303-312. reference

Wolters, W.J., Vernooij, J.C.M., Spliethof, T.M., Wiegel, J., Elbers, A.R.W., Spierenburg, M.A.H., Stegeman, J.A. & Velkers, F.C. Comparison of the Clinical Manifestation of HPAI H5Nx in Different Poultry Types in the Netherlands, 2014–2022. Pathogens 2024, 13, 280. reference

Islam, A., Islam, M., Dutta, P., Rahman, M.A., Al Mamun, A., Khan, A.D., Samad, M.A., et al. 2024. Association of biosecurity and hygiene practices with avian influenza A/H5 and A/H9 virus infections in turkey farms. Front Vet Sci, 11:1319618. reference

Li, Y., An, Q., Sun, Z., Gao, X. & Wang, H. 2024. Multifaceted analysis of temporal and spatial distribution and risk factors of global poultry HPAI-H5N1, 2005-2023. Animal, 18(3):101085. reference

ENVIRONMENTAL

Okuya, K., Esaki, M., Tokorozaki, K., Hasegawa, T. & Ozawa, M. 2024. Isolation and genetic characterization of multiple genotypes of both H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses from environmental water in the Izumi plain, Kagoshima prefecture, Japan during the 2021/22 winter season. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 109:102182. reference

Kang, Y.M., Tseren Ochir, E.O., Heo, G.B., An, S.H., Jeong, H., Dondog, U., Myagmarsuren, T., Lee, Y.J. & Lee, K.N. 2024. Surveillance and Genetic Analysis of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Feces of Wild Birds in Mongolia, 2021 to 2023. Animals (Basel), 14(7):1105. reference

Nadeau, S., Devaux, A.J., Bagutti, C., Alt, M., Ilg Hampe, E., Kraus, M., Würfel, E., et al. 2024. Influenza transmission dynamics quantified from RNA in wastewater in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly, 154(1):3503. reference

OTHER AI VIRUSES

Azeem, S., Baroch, J., Tewari, D., Pabilonia, K.L., Killian, M., Bradel-Tretheway, B., Sun, D., Ghorbani-Nezami, S. & Yoon, K.-J. 2024. Molecular Characterization of Non-H5 and Non-H7 Avian Influenza Viruses from Non-Mallard Migratory Waterbirds of the North American Flyways, 2006–2011. Pathogens, 13:333. reference

Tran, T.D., Kasemsuwan, S., Sukmak, M., Phimpraphai, W., Prarakamawongsa, T., Pham, L.T., Hoang, T.B., et al. 2024. Field and laboratory investigation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 and H5N8 in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam, 2020 to 2021. J Vet Sci, 25(2):e20. reference

Lin, S., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., Yang, L., Li, X., Bo, H., Liu, J., et al. 2024. Cross-Species Transmission Potential of H4 Avian Influenza Viruses in China: Epidemiological and Evolutionary Study. Viruses, 16(3):353. reference

He, J., Deng, J., Wen, X., Yan, M., Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., Du, X., Yang, H. & Peng, X. 2024. Isolation and genetic characteristics of Novel H4N1 Avian Influenza viruses in ChongQing, China. Virol J., 21(1):85. reference

Guan, L., Babujee, L., Presler, R., Pattinson, D., Nguyen, H.L.K., Hoang, V.M.P., Le, M.Q., et al. 2024. Avian H6 Influenza Viruses in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets during 2018-2021. Viruses, 16(3):367. reference

Kutkat, O., Gomaa, M., Aboulhoda, B.E., Moatasim, Y., El Taweel, A., Kamel, M.N., El Sayes, M., et al. 2024. Genetic and virological characteristics of a reassortant avian influenza A H6N1 virus isolated from wild birds at a live-bird market in Egypt. Arch Virol, 169(5):95. reference

Tang, S., Han, B., Su, C., Li, H. & Zhao, S. 2024. Wild Bird-Origin H6N2 Influenza Virus Acquires Enhanced Pathogenicity after Single Passage in Mice. Viruses, 16(3):357. reference

Du, Y., Xia, J., Wang, Z., Xu, J., Ji, Y., Jin, Y., Pu, L. & Xu S. 2024. Evolution of H6N6 viruses in China between 2014 and 2019 involves multiple reassortment events. Emerg Microbes Infect, 13(1):2341142. reference

Sandhu, S., Ferrante, C., MacCosham, A., Atchessi, N. & Bancej, C. 2024. Epidemiological characteristics of human infections with avian influenza A(H5N6) virus, China and Laos: A multiple case descriptive analysis, February 2014-June 2023. Can Commun Dis Rep, 50(1-2):77-85. reference

Si, Y.J., Jang, S.G., Kim, Y.I., Casel, M.A.B., Kim, D.J., Ji, H.Y., Choi, J.H., et al. 2024. Evolutional dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 genotypes in wintering bird habitats: Insights from South Korea's 2020-2021 season. One Health, 18:100719. reference

Chokkakula, S., Oh, S., Choi, W.S., Kim, C.I., Jeong, J.H., Kim, B.K., Park, J.H., et al. 2024. Mammalian adaptation risk in HPAI H5N8: a comprehensive model bridging experimental data with mathematical insights. Emerg Microbes Infect, 13(1):2339949. reference

Liu, Y., Chen, Y., Yang, Z., Lin, Y., Fu, S., Chen, J., Xu, L., et al. 2024. Evolution and Antigenic Differentiation of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, China. Emerg Infect Dis, 30(6). reference

Hou, Y., Deng, G., Cui, P., Zeng, X., Li, B., Wang, D., He, X., et al. 2024. Evolution of H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in the context of vaccination. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2024 Apr 17:2343912. reference

Bedair, N.M., Sakr, M.A., Mourad, A., Eissa, N., Mostafa, A. & Khamiss, O. 2024. Molecular characterization of the whole genome of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from Egyptian poultry farms. Arch Virol,169(5):99 reference

El-Shesheny, R., Franks, J., Kandeil, A., Badra, R., Turner, J., Seiler, P., Marathe, B.M., et al. 2024. Cross-species spill-over potential of the H9N2 bat influenza A virus. Nat Commun, 15:3449. reference

Halwe, N.J., Hamberger, L., Sehl-Ewert, J., Mache, C., Schön, J., Ulrich, L., Calvelage, S., et al. 2024. Bat-borne H9N2 influenza virus evades MxA restriction and exhibits efficient replication and transmission in ferrets. Nat Commun, 15:3450. reference

LABORATORY

Santos, J.D., Sobral, D., Pinheiro, M., Isidro, J., Bogaardt, C., Pinto, M., Eusébio, R., et al. 2024. INSaFLU-TELEVIR: an open web-based bioinformatics suite for viral metagenomic detection and routine genomic surveillance. Genome Med, 16(1):61. reference

Landmann, M., Scheibner, D., Gischke, M., Abdelwhab, E.M. & Ulrich, R. 2024. Automated quantification of avian influenza virus antigen in different organs. Sci Rep, 14(1):8766. reference

VACCINATION

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW), et al. 2024. Plain Language Summary of the Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza - Part 2. Surveillance and mitigation measures. EFSA J, 22(4):ep220401. reference

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW), et al. 2024. Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza - Part 2. Surveillance and mitigation measures. EFSA J, 22(4):e8755. reference

Tseng, I., Pan, B.Y., Feng, Y.C. & Fang, C.T. 2024. Re-evaluating efficacy of vaccines against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in poultry: A systematic review and meta-analysis. One Health, 18:100714. reference

COMMUNICATION

Petersen, E., Memish, Z.A., Hui, D.S., Scagliarini, A., Simonsen, L., Simulundu, E., Bloodgood, J., et al. 2024. Avian 'Bird' Flu - undue media panic or genuine concern for pandemic potential requiring global preparedness action? Int J Infect Dis, 2024 Apr 15:107062. reference

OVERVIEW

EFSA, ECDC, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, et al. 2024. Avian influenza overview December 2023-March 2024. EFSA J, 22(3):e8754. reference

EFSA, ECDC, et al. 2024. Drivers for a pandemic due to avian influenza and options for One Health mitigation measures. EFSA J, 22(4):e8735. reference

Fusaro, A., Zecchin, B., Giussani, E., Palumbo, E., Agüero-García, M., Bachofen, C., Bálint, Á., et al. 2024. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe – why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evolution, veae027. reference

Fauziah, I., Nugroho, H.A., Yanthi, N.D., Tiffarent, R., Saputra, S. 2024. Potential zoonotic spillover at the human-animal interface: A mini-review. Vet World, 17(2):289-302. reference

He, J. & Kam, Y.W. 2024. Insights from Avian Influenza: A Review of Its Multifaceted Nature and Future Pandemic Preparedness. Viruses, 16(3):458. reference

FAO's support to countries

Global level

• FAO/WHO/WOAH to release the Joint FAO/WHO/WOAH preliminary assessment of recent influenza A(H5N1) viruses. [link]
• OFFLU (WOAH/FAO network of expertise on animal influenza) has launched a webpage for collection of relevant links on HPAI Detections in Livestock. [link]
• The second session of the UNESCO/CMS/FAO/Ramsar/IUCN webinar on AI and wildlife - How to protect wildlife from avian flu in UNESCO World Heritage sites, Biosphere Reserves and Ramsar sites [link] will be held on 26 April 2024, 11:00-13:30 CET (09:00-11:30 GMT) [register here].
• The first session of the UNESCO/CMS/FAO/Ramsar/IUCN webinar on AI and wildlife - How to protect wildlife from avian flu in UNESCO World Heritage sites, Biosphere Reserves and Ramsar sites was held on 19 April 2024. [link]
• The United States of America released the information on HPAI virus detection in cattle and goats, H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b from samples was confirmed at the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL). FAO is monitoring the situation through OFFLU in collaboration with other partners [link1, link2, link3].
• The FAO Virtual Learning Centers have launched a new self-paced virtual learning course on avian influenza (AI). The course aims to raise awareness of AI and to develop capacity on its detection and prevention. This introductory course is intended to be useful for veterinarians, veterinary paraprofessionals and others working in the poultry industries. There are six short modules (15-20 minutes each), can be used as a ready-reference resource as needed. It supports multiple platforms including smartphones and tablets. [link]
• OFFLU (WOAH/FAO network of expertise on animal influenza) contributed information on the genetic and antigenic characteristics of currently circulating avian and swine influenza viruses for pandemic preparedness purposes at the WHO Consultation on the Composition of Influenza Virus Vaccines for Use in the 2024-2025 Northern Hemisphere Influenza Season. [link]

Regional/country level

• Americas
  
  • GF-TADs for the Americas held an informative electronic meeting of the Standing Group of Experts on Avian Influenza (SGE-AI) entitled ‘Detection of HPAI in Ruminants and Humans in the USA’ to share findings, ongoing research and future actions, following the detection and notification of Avian Influenza cases in dairy cattle and goats in the United States of America on 4 April. [link, recording]
  • FAO Outbreak Costing Tool (OutCosT) has been implemented in Bolivia and Panama to estimate the economic impact of HPAI outbreaks.
  • A joint technical meeting on HPAI was held with countries under emergency technical cooperation programme (TCP) and Special Fund for Emergency and Rehabilitation Activities (SFERA) projects on 12-14 December 2023 [link], the emergency TCP project has been extended till June 2024. Under this TCP project, FAO has facilitated bi-weekly meetings between veterinary services of 10 countries in the region to discuss and exchange experiences on several HPAI topics including epidemiological updates, control measures, surveillance, economic impacts and risk communication.
  • FAO Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Disease Control (ECTAD) at regional and country (Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Peru) levels are supporting activities to respond to HPAI outbreaks e.g. simulations exercises, HPAI diagnostic trainings, information materials.
  • Currently, Bolivia, Dominican Republic (for prophylaxis; no outbreak reported), Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay are using vaccines to prevent and/or control HPAI, while some other countries are evaluating implementation.

• Africa
  • FAO ECTAD regional offices in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) is supporting countries in the region to enhance biosecurity in poultry farms which contributes to minimising HPAI incursion. Poultry value chain risk assessment along the entire poultry value chain is planned in 10 countries namely Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Sudan, the United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia as a part of ECTAD's ongoing support for HPAI risk mitigation/management.
  • Ethiopia updated the Multisectoral HPAI Preparedness and Response Plan. The multi-sectoral Emerging Pandemic Threats Technical Working Group (EPT-TWG) under the National One Health Steering Committee led review and finalization of the HPAI Preparedness and Response Plan, guided by recommendations from intersectoral SimEx and joint risk assessment exercises, as well as the existing one health organization structure. To facilitate this, a 5-day workshop was organized in March 2024 with subject matter specialists from key One Health sectors.
  • FAO ECTAD Western and Central Africa (WCA) held a Regional Training of Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) Evaluators in West and Central Africa in Abidjan (Cote D’Ivoire) from 25 to 29 March 2024.
  • FAO ECTAD regional office in WCA organized a regional training workshop on good sampling practices at the Veterinary School in Dakar (EISMV) from 23 to 26 January with special attention to biosafety and biosecurity. A total of 18 participants from 10 countries in West, Central and East Africa received theoretical and practical training in collecting diagnostic specimens from poultry.
  • The VLC in West Africa is providing a four-week Avian Influenza tutored course in English and French.
  • FAO ECTAD Benin supported epidemiological investigation of suspected avian influenza outbreak in Parakou. [link]
  • FAO ECTAD WCA is monitoring suspected and confirmed HPAI outbreaks in multiple countries in the region and providing various supports including provision of laboratory reagents and consumables as well as transport of diagnostic specimens to the reference laboratory (IZS-Ve) for further confirmaiton and sequencing.
  • Burkina Faso released an alert for poultry farmers regarding HPAI outbreak in Ouagadougou on 6 March 2024. FAO has supported the veterinary services to conduct field investigation and implement response measures (Stamping out, carcass disposal, disinfection, quarantine and awareness creation). Support for laboratory reagents, consumables, personal protective equipment (PPE), as well as transport of samples to the reference laboratory (IZSVe) for confirmation and sequencing has also been providing to the country.
  • In Guinea, FAO ECTAD has supported suspected HPAI outbreak investigation in Labé, setting up active surveillance in a high-risk area and raising community awareness [link].
  • Niger confirmed an outbreak of H5N1 HPAI by the Niamey Central Laboratory (LABOCEL) on 27 January 2024 on a family farm in Niamey, which has been the only confirmed case to date. In February 2024, six suspicions were reported in four regions, samples tested negative at the LABOCEL. The biosafety equipment (personal protective equipment [PPE], disinfectants, bags for biohazard waste), which FAO ECTAD prepared at the beginning of current influenza season under a HPAI prevention and control project, supported General Directorate of Veterinary Services in conducting rapid response.
  • In Nigeria, H5N1 HPAI was confirmed in peacock farm in Kebbi State and in geese in Plateau State. FAO ECTAD supported the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and other One Health stakeholders in conducting follow-up outbreak investigations and ensuring disease containment, provided PPE, disinfectants, sampling equipment and biohazard bags for the field surveillance; awareness raising have been conducted in live poultry markets in neighbouring towns of biosecurity measures, in particular, the risk of mixing different species in the same space/location was emphasised.

• North Africa and Middle East
• FAO ECTAD Egypt in the Regional office for Near East and North Africa (RNE) is supporting the implementation of the targeted risk-based surveillance plan for 2024 to understand the prevalence of Avian Influenza sub-types currently circulating in Egypt and to detect incursion of new subtypes as early as possible.
• FAO ECTAD Egypt supported the development of National One Health strategic framework which has been endorsed by the Government.

• Asia
• Since October 2023, Cambodia confirmed H5N1 HPAI in birds in seven provinces, while nine human cases reported. FAO Cambodia is collaborating National Animal Health and Production Research Institute (NAHPRI)/the General Directorate of Animal Health and Production (GDAHP) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (IPC), WHO and other partners, participated in joint risk assessment, and providing technical assistance, awareness materials for distribution, and some PPE. [link1, link2]
• In Viet Nam, the Department of Animal Health and FAO ECTAD Viet Nam issued a joint press release ‘Stay vigilant with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1)’ upon the detection of new re-assorted HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in chickens and muscovy ducks through active surveillance in Viet Nam [link]. In response to the finding, a vaccine efficacy test against the new virus and live bird market (LBM) surveillance is planned waiting the approval of the work plan. FAO ECTAD in Viet Nam participated in a joint risk assessment held on 4 April with inter-sectoral authorities, and provided updates on the HPAI situation in the country.
• FAO ECTAD Myanmar in cooperation with Myanmar Livestock Federation organized two workshops entitled ‘Biosecurity, good animal husbandry practice (GAHP) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) for farmers, feed sellers, and egg collectors’ in Ayeyarwady Region on 19 March and 9 April 2024. Similar workshops was also conducted in Yangon Region in January.
• FAO ECTAD Myanmar plans to organize a workshop for private veterinarians to encourage reporting practices especially the notifiable animal diseases in Myanmar under USAID funded project ‘Global Health Security Program: Immediate technical assistance for animal health systems to address emerging and priority zoonotic diseases and health threats in Myanmar’.
• FAO ECTAD Indonesia supported the participation of four animal health laboratories in a regional proficiency testing for avian and swine diseases being organized by the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP).
• FAO ECTAD in the Philippines, in collaboration with the Bureau of Animal Industry, organized a Coordination Meeting and Simulation Exercise for Animal Disease Emergencies (Avian Influenza and foot-and-mouth disease for Visayas on 12-16 February and South Luzon on 18-22 March. The meeting specifically discussed the Philippine’s Avian Influenza (AI) Vaccination Guidelines to seek inputs and agreement of local veterinarians and animal health workers. To date, the same activity has been conducted in 13 regions covering 60 provinces across the country and will be conducted in North Luzon clusters in April to cover the remaining 22 provinces in 4 regions.

• Europe and Central Asia
• The Outbreak Costing Tool (OutCosT) to estimate the cost of outbreaks and their control is being adapted to poultry diseases and is being validated with real HPAI outbreak data from countries in three continents.

Recommendations for affected countries and those at risk

FAO recommends intensified surveillance and awareness raising by national authorities.

General recommendations
It is important to report sick or dead birds – both wild birds and poultry - or wild mammals to local authorities (veterinary services, public health officials, community leaders etc.). These should be tested for avian influenza viruses.

Recommendations to poultry producers
Farmers and poultry producers should step up their biosecurity measures in order to prevent potential virus introduction from wild birds or their faeces.

Recommendations to hunters
Hunting associations and wildlife authorities should be aware that avian influenza viruses might be present in waterfowl and some other species hunted and that hunting, handling and dressing of shot game carries the risk of spreading avian influenza viruses to susceptible poultry.

Recommendations to national authorities
Increase surveillance efforts for the early detection of influenza viruses in poultry and dead wild species including certain mammals.

For full recommendations including non-avian species please see [link].

Important links

• The list of wild bird and mammalian species which have been infected with H5Nx HPAI [link]
• OFFLU Continued expansion of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5 in wildlife in South America and incursion into the Antarctic region
• OFFLU statement on high pathogenicity avian influenza in dairy cows
• Scientific Task Force on Avian Influenza and Wild Birds H5N1 High pathogenicity avian influenza in wild birds - Unprecedented conservation impacts and urgent needs
• EFSA Avian influenza overview September–December 2023
• EFSA Bird Flu Rader and Migration Mapping Tool
• ECOWAS, FAO, USAID Report on the Regional Consultative Meeting on the Prevention and Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in West Africa. Accra, Ghana, 30 May – 2 June 2023
• OFFLU website
• OFFLU HPAI Detections in Livestock
• OFFLU Avian influenza matching (OFFLU-AIM) report
• FAO Carcass management guidelines
• FAO guidelines for veterinary laboratory testing protocols for priority zoonotic diseases in Africa
• WHO influenza at the human animal interface monthly risk assessments
• WHO Public health resource pack for countries experiencing outbreaks of influenza in animals
• WOAH High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Cattle
• WOAH High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI)- Situation Report
• FAO-WHO-WOAH-UNEP One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026

Updates on avian influenza infection in dairy cattle have been shared by USDA, US CDC and US FDA through the following sites:

• https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases
• https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock
• https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/spotlights/index.htm
• https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/updates-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-hpai

Disclaimer

Information provided herein is current as of the date of issue. Information added or changed since the last Global AIV with Zoonotic Potential situation update appears in orange. Human cases are depicted in the geographic location of their report. For some cases, exposure may have occurred in one geographic location but reported in another. For cases with unknown onset date, reporting date was used instead. FAO compiles information drawn from multiple national (Ministries of Agriculture or Livestock, Ministries of Health, Provincial Government websites; Centers for Disease Prevention and Control [CDC]) and international sources (World Health Organization [WHO], World Organisation for Animal Health [WOAH]), as well as peer reviewed scientific articles. FAO makes every effort to ensure, but does not guarantee, accuracy, completeness or authenticity of the information. The designation employed and the presentation of material on the map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.