Past paper 2019 (docx) - CliffsNotes
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Past paper 2019

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British School Of Brussels **We aren't endorsed by this school
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BSBMGT 1
Subject
Geography
Date
May 11, 2024
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18
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2a) Explain the contribution of glacial erosional processes to the development of this landscape A01 - Glacial landscapes undergo different processes such as erosion, transportation, deposition and entrainment. - There are different types of glacial erosion which include, 1. Abrasion 2. Plucking 3. Basal melting 4. Crushing These processes combine with freeze-thaw weathering and mass movement to create distinctive landscapes in high latitude areas. For example - Corries - Arêtes - Pyramidal peaks A02 - There is a potential for a pyramidal peak in the back which would be formed when three of more aretes meet. Formed through lateral erosion of the corrie backwalls narrowing the rock between them. - Aretes and pyramidal peak were formed due to several glacial erosional processes, including abrasion and plucking. - In the glacial period, landscape modified by glacial erosion. However, now that it is relict , it has been influenced by post-glacial mass movement and weathering. 6b)
Explain the contribution of glacial deposition to the development of this landscape (6) A01 1. Glacial deposition includes the formation of ice contact depositional features such as medial, lateral, recessional and terminal moraines. 2. These depositional features create distinctive landforms 3. Lodgement and ablation also create distinctive depositional landscapes A02 - The figure is showing landscapes which have been formed due to the transportation of weathered and plucked bedrock from the walls and the floor - The figure could illustrate recessional moraines through marking the position of the ice as it gradually melted due to the actively retreating glacier during deglaciation - This could also show terminal moraines marking the maximum position of ice that was deposited due to the rapid melting of stagnant ice.
6c) Explain why a range of approaches is needed to manage glaciated landscapes. (8) - Glaciated landscapes include relict and active landscapes - There are different stakeholders that play a part in the management such as conservationists, local and regional government, global organisations and NGOs - Management can come under three different sections: Economic use, Sustainable management and Protection - Management may prioritise economic development, especially if it is limited and incomes are low meaning conservation is a secondary consideration. For example Greenland's development of mineral resources, fishing tourism and HEP with its risk to its fragile icesheet in the region where economic development opportunities are usually limited. - On the other hand, with protection management, wildlife reserves and wilderness areas designed to limit human activity and to maximise landscape and ecological protection. For example the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in the USA - human activity limited and human exploration banned. - Finally, Sustainable management, with national parks usually trying to balance conservation and the needs of people in the living area (social economic and cultural) for example, UK national park - Lake District - economic development allowed but managed in a way to ensure conservation has priority over development.
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Study Figure 2a in the Resource Booklet. (a) Explain how changes in the position of the snout of the Mer de Glace may provide evidence for changing climate. - The glacial mass balance system and the difference between accumulation and ablation in the glacial equilibrium. - Ablation involves evaporation, sublimation, direct ice avalanches, Accumulation involves, direct snowfall, avalanches and wind deposition - Rates of accumulation and ablation in the glacier can vary depending on external factors such as the Milankovitch cycles, solar spots and volcanoes which happen on different time scales. - Between 1610 and 1830, there are fluctuations in the length from a maximum of 1700m from the 1570 snout position to a minimum of 500m from the 1570 position in 1710 showing evidence of changing climate which can be argued that it was caused by variations in sunspot activity by 11 year cycles. - Between 1930 and 2010 there has been large retreat of the snout of up to 1500m which can be argued to be climate change related with anthropogenic global warming due to the extensive use of fossil fuels. Explain the processes that affect the mass balance of temperate glaciers. - Glacial mass balance system and the relationship between accumulation and ablation in the maintenance of equilibrium. - The processes of accumulation such as direct snowfall, avalanches from another part of the glacier onto the main glacier, and wind deposition - The process of ablation such as sublimation evaporation, melting and direct ice avalanches. - The mass balance of temperate glaciers can vary depending upon the level of the accumulation to and the ablation of the system. The mass balance of a glacier is positive when accumulation is greater than ablation, and is negative if ablation is greater than accumulation - Direct snowfall is the most common process of accumulation as precipitation. The direct snowfall will transfer from precipitation, neve, and firm to finally turn into glacial ice adding towards the glacial mass balance. - On the other hand, Surface melting is the most prominent process of ablation. Surface melting occurs WHEN the ice surface is receives heat resulting in it being over 0 degrees Celsius. The heat will most likely be from solar radiation which will react with the surface.
Explain the role of glacial meltwater in creating distinctive landforms. (8) - The landforms can vary depending upon the form, position and the deposits creating the landform as well there being two difference types of fluvioglacial landforms, being ice contact and pro glacial features. - One hand there are ice contact fluvioglacial landforms, which include Eskers, Kame terrace, Kames, and kettle holes. - Eskers are long, thin, sinous gravel ridges which can illustrate the direction of movement of ice - Eskers are often formed in ice-walled englacial tunnels by meltwater transporting sediment at the base of the glacier. - Eskers form at the when glacier movement is slow. Once the retaining ice walls have melted away, this meltwater sediment is deposited as distinctive long winding. - They are also distinctive to glacial deposits. Because it is fluvioglacial, they are stratified and sorted. - On the other hand there are proglacial landforms which include Sandur, Proglacial lakes and meltwater channels. - Pro glacial lakes are ephemeral lakes created in a depression in front of an ice mass often dammed by moraines. - Sediment settles in seasonal layers called varves on the lakebed and experiences grading. - The lakes may drain through the ice barrier or via spillways through cols
Evaluate the view that tourism poses the greatest threat to both active and relict glaciated landscapes (20) Over the last 100 years, glaciated landscapes have become more prone to threats. There is a variety of threats that include, human actives such as tourism, anthropogenic threats such as urbanisation, climate change which can disrupt the hydrological cycle and natural threats such as glacial outburst floods and avalanches. These threats can damage the landscape and ecology. This essay will evaluate and discuss tourism as a threat to both active and relict glaciated landscapes. Tourism poses the greatest threat to active and relict glaciated landscapes because there needs to be development to cater for tourism resulting in environmental. This is due to the shear increase in tourism. For example Arctic tourism has increased from 1 million in 1990's to over 2 million in 2017. As most arrive by ship, the Arctic landscape has experienced environmental degradation by the building of new port facilities such as at Honningsvag and roads such as the E69 for visitors to see North Cape. Furthermore, there has been an increase in tourists in the alps with 120 million visiting each year. This has encouraged urban development such as the building of over 300 ski resorts in the alps. This has resulted in extreme sports such as mountain biking and paragliding which result in tourists visiting previously untouched, pristine areas. However, tourism to other glaciated landscapes has, been less of a threat. Although there are 40,000 visitors to Antarctica per year, due to protocols such as the Antarctic Treaty there is now a framework to manage tourism in Antarctica reducing the potential for damage to the landscape. These strict protocols have meant that all waste is removed from these areas even waste water, and so any damage is being minimised. Therefore, tourism poses the greatest threat to active and relict glaciated landscapes. On the other hand you could argue that anthropogenic threats such as urbanisation will act as a greater threat, this is because of production of waste from the built environment. For example reservoir construction also pose threats to glaciated landscapes with pollution and toxic waste being produced from rapid development of the urban areas. For example, the narrow, deep troughs in upland glacial landscapes provide ideal conditions for reservoirs and dams in the Himalayas. 100 already built/under construction with another 300 planned. This is due to the energy demand in urban areas. This will cause damage to the landscape of glaciated areas through the construction of reservoirs which could take decades to recover. - However, tourism can be argued to be a greater threat than anthropogenic threats because (X)
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However, you could also argue that natural threats will act as a greater threat to glaciated landscapes. For example avalanches and glacial outburst floods. glacial outburst floods are controlled releases of large volumes of meltwater underneath ice masses. Often, they are triggered by volcanic eruptions or geothermal heating beneath ice sheets and glaciers. These threats are rare but can cause damage through flooding and erosion. For example the 1966 Iceland volcano under a glacier caused a glacial outburst flood which caused a flood rate of 50,000 cubic metres per second. It carried ice blocks weighing over 100 tons and 180million tons of sediment was carried. Glacial outburst floods may not happen often but due to recent increased climate change, it has increased the likeliness of these glacial outbursts increasing the threat to glaciated landscapes. Finally, the increase in demand for fossil fuels causing climate change. This is because 75% of all greenhouse gasses come from fossil fuels. This results in the heat being trapped in earth's atmosphere, increasingly planetary warming. This will result in ablation being greater than accumulation in the glacial mass balance leading to the mass balance being negative, resulting in glaciers retreating. This increase in ablation will result in there being increased chances of avalanches as well as increased meltwater leading to a higher likeliness of glacial outburst floods as well as disrupting the equilibrium of the hydrological cycle as 69% of all freshwaters is stored in ice In conclusion, tourism can act as a significant threat to both active and relict glaciated landscapes. It can be act as a more serious threat than other anthropogenic threats such as urbanisation and reservoir construction due the scale of the threat with millions of visitors to active landscapes and tens of millions to relict landscapes Natural threats such as landslides can be considered as to be less of a threat as they are naturally occurring processes that are part of the processes that that make the landscapes distinctive. However, the impacts of climate change could be the biggest threat as it will threaten most of the glaciated areas in the world but as of now the exact scale of the threat has yet to accurately calculated. So at present tourism probably does pose the greatest threat to glaciated landscapes.
Evaluate the view that the threats to glaciated landscapes can only be managed successfully on a global scale. (20) There are a range of stakeholders in the management of glaciated landscapes, such as NGO's, regional and national governments, the local people, conservationists, and global organisations. The main three methods that stakeholders use are, protection, sustainable management and economic use. Climate change is most likely the largest threat to glaciated landscapes causing management to be increasingly difficult with need of management on a local, national and global scale. Firstly, you could argue that threats to glaciated landscapes can be managed successfully on a global scale. A key global management strategy that has successfully managed through legislative frameworks, in an active glaciated landscape is the Antarctic Treaty. Through a global agreement the threats to this landscape have been effectively reduced by stopping any resource exploitation as well as abolishing all sovereignty claims. Furthermore the treaty has also managed the threat of tourism in this active glaciated landscape. Although there are 40,000 visitors to Antarctica per year, due to protocols adopted in 1966 and subsequently added to in the Antarctic Treaty System there is now a framework to manage tourism in Antarctica reducing the potential for damage to the landscape. Furthermore, strict protocols have meant that all waste is removed from this area, so any damage is being minimised. In addition , another key global treaty that attempts to manage the threats to glaciated areas is the Paris Agreement Climate Change Accord (cop21). Many countries have therefore initiated plans to reduce carbon emissions and so meet the agreement. This will therefore reduce the threat of global warming. However, As a result of there being no legally binding obligations the agreement has been criticized as recent studies have shown that none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had brought up and have not met their pledged emission reduction targets. On the other hand you could argue that glaciated landscapes can be managed at a regional level. Many active and relict areas have also been successfully managed at a regional level. The Alpine Convention is an international agreement between the Alpine countries and the EU for sustainable development and the protection of the Alps. The convention has set out clear steps for the protection and sustainable development of the Alp in terms of tourism, energy, and environmental degradation. The agreement can be argued to be successful for the protection of this active landscape as the signatories are also either part of the EU or have treaties with the EU and so have experience of inter-country cooperation However, other active glaciated such as the Andes and the Himalayas have not as yet managed to develop such multiparty agreements and so threats to these active landscapes remain.
Finally, it could be argued that local management could be used. For example the Fix for Fells project. 15 million tourists visit the Lake District each year to walk in the mountains. This has resulted in severe footpath erosion which is being addressed through the Fix the Fells project. This is a partnership of six organisations, led by the National Trust, to restore and maintain footpaths in the Lake District. This is an example of sustainable management as it is balancing environmental conservation with the needs of the local people in the lake district which is mostly economic due to the shear amount of tourism. This is successful management as the organisations identified the criteria needed for management as they looked at the local people as well as the biodiversity. In conclusion, glaciated landscapes can best be managed at a global scale due to the significance and scale of the potential influence. However, the global stakeholders should use successful management strategies that regional and local management stakeholders use in order for the management to be successful in the long term. There needs to be a clear definition of successful criteria for different locations based on different needs.d
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Assess the reasons why managing the impacts of tectonic hazards varies in its effectiveness (12) Define tectonic hazards - which ones you will be discussing Effective - the usefulness/ability of management systems to protect from tectonic hazards impacts Line of argument - ultimately, effectiveness varies based on the political situation, economic situation, and the topography 1. One of the reasons as to why the effectiveness varies is because of the political situation of a country A nation might struggle to effectively manage the impacts of a hazard if it lacks control e.g. there could be looting or social uprising meaning the management and relief is more difficult to coordinate Corrupt government link to Nyriagongo government A strategy to address the impacts of a hazard could be providing emergency aid Case study - effectiveness of Italy response make sure youre emphasising the tectonic nature of the hazard Link back 2. Another reason why managing the impacts of tectonic hazards varies in its effectiveness is due to the economic situation of the country Link to management cycle recovery Japan - high GDP 6.2 trillion, 2011 earthquake Higher proportions of spending to higher quality management systems such as land use planning and hazard resistant infrastructure, recovered in 1 year Comparison to Haiti 2010 EQ - killed 220,000, one of the reasons was due to poor infrastructure and land use zoning, resistant infrastructure etc., the EQ costed 60% of GDP and is still recovering = having a stronger economy means you can effectively manage the impacts before they happen, can anticipate the EQ effects Takes less time to recovery and can continue developing rather than spending a lot of GDP on solutions and have stinted economic growth Link back 3. The effectiveness of management strategies depends on the topography of the location of the TH The differences in the topography can impact the scale of the TH E.g. bays and inlets can increase the impact of tsunami as it increases the size of the wave meaning it is harder to manage the impacts as the impact is greater 2021 Sulawesi EQ and tsunami first location was, Dongala 10m wave due to the orientation of the place had a direct impact meaning it was hit a lot harder - Palu 6m wave, due to being funnelled by an outlet increased the wave size = had greater impact
Therefore, physical factors such as the topography and orientation of the land can influence the level of effectiveness a management strategy can have in response to the impacts Can predict Conclusion - its all based on location specific context, not one country/NH is the same and therefore management strategies need to be adapted and implemented based on this context
Assess the reasons why some communities are more vulnerable than others to tectonic hazards. Community's cans vary in vulnerability from tectonic hazards. This is due to factors such as the location of the hazard which would determine the magnitude and frequency of the hazards, governance, human geographical factors such as population density, economic development. These factors can determine the level of vulnerability to communities when facing tectonic hazards. Firstly, the geographical setting is an important factor in determining the vulnerability due to it determining the tectonic setting. For example, distances from plate margins as a tectonic hazard will only affect the area, and increase vulnerability, near tectonically active areas. For example, Japan is surrounded by 4 plate margins, constantly experiencing minor and major tremors from conservative and destructive boundaries. The location of the country on the fault line will determine the vulnerability of an areas, as hazards are inevitable near plate margins. In addition, the distance a location is from the hazard will affect the vulnerability level before taking economic factors are considered, as well as the geographical surroundings of the area. Factors such as the distance from the coast, ground height and strength of the soil are all key factors. For example the Sulawesi Tsunami 2018, the 7.2 magnitude earthquake hit the island then a tsunami hit Palu where the epicentre was almost 300km away from Dongola. the inlet Palu was in created optimal conditions for the Tsunami to increase in size up to 6m, increasing its destruction by causing landslides in exposed coastal areas. The geography of the area has high vulnerability from its coastal location despite the distance from the epicentre. The soil was soft and mixed with water leading to liquefaction causing buildings so sink, increase destruction increasing vulnerability In addition, the economic development of a country contributes to the vulnerability of communities. A developed country allows for investment into seismic infrastructure and early warning systems. For example, Japan is highly tectonically active, high-income country who is a world leading country in seismic design, decreasing building collapse, reducing vulnerability as well as warning systems from high tech detection systems. Accurate detection can decrease vulnerability as it gives a population time to evacuate. A rapidly developing country will experience rural to urban migration. This will put pressure on housing and lead to high population density with poor quality infrastructure resulting in more people being affected, increasing vulnerability. For example, 2010 Haiti earthquake, the capital has a population of 2 million with multiple due to rapid, unmanaged population growth. The slums had poor infrastructure and making them highly vulnerable. The poor infrastructure limits emergency response due to collapsed buildings and the poor road quality limiting accessibility increasing the severity of the disaster. Economic development is also important due to recovery as the restoration cost of Haiti was 60% of their GDP compared to Japan being 5% of GDP. This means that the country isn't able to recover and have been set back 50 years in escaping poverty leading to vulnerability in the future as there is little to no protection set in place. S
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ome smaller factors that determine different levels of vulnerability to communities is the demographic of communities. For example regions having an older population. For example in certain areas of Japan there is a high proportion of elderly residents who do not use modern technology to be notified of the early warning systems which is needed due to their decreased mobility. Also, dispersion of weatlth and education across a population affects vulnerability as poorer people tend to build more makeshift, low quality housing in dangerous locations, that wealthier people will not build in due to knowledge ad well as having faulty pipelines which are prone to fires during tectonic hazards. In conclusion, proximity to the hazard is the most important factor in determining why some communities are more vulnerable than others. Population density and economic development influence the severity of the disaster but economic development determines future vulnerability in tectonically active countries due to recovery. The smaller factors including demographics can determine the level of vulnerability but are not key factors.
Assess the role of oceans in regulating the carbon cycle. The ocean is part of the carbon cycle and has different processes and factors that goes into regulating it. For example, the biological, carbonate, physical pump. However, due to external anthropogenic climate change the carbon cycle will have a less important role in regulating the carbon cycle. A primary role of the oceans is acting as a store of carbon. The ocean has the largest nongeological store of carbon at over 38,000 GtC making the ocean a vital component of carbon cycle and so maintaining planetary health. Another key role of the oceans is its ability to absorb carbon dioxide into the surface ocean store (900 GtC). Crucially, as the oceans can absorb more carbon than it emits, this means that it is considered a carbon sink and so highlights the importance of the oceans in regulating the carbon cycle. - The physical cycle is the movement of carbon to different parts of the ocean in downwelling and upwelling currents. Downwelling occurs in parts of the ocean where cold, denser water sinks. These currents bring dissolved carbon dioxide down to the deep ocean. It moves in slow-moving deep ocean currents, staying there for century's Eventually, the deep ocean currents, part of the thermohaline circulation, return to the surface by upwelling. As it rises, it increases in temperature, releasing some c02 Into the atmosphere - The biological cycle allows carbon dioxide to be absorbed in the ocean through photosynthesis by phytoplankton and other marine biota which converts the carbon dioxide into organic matter. - Carbonate pumps forms sediments from dead organisms that fall to the ocean floor, decay of these organism releases carbon dioxide into deep water (dissolved carbon 700 GtC) stores. Thus the ocean's role is to move carbon from the surface oceans where it may rises into the atmosphere and store it in deep ocean stores - Some material sinks right to the bottom of the ocean and forms the seabed sediment store (1750 GtC) where over time, through chemical and physical processes, the carbon is transformed to rocks such as limestone. The carbon absorbed in into a geological store, regulating the carbon cycle. - Furthermore, due to the increase in fossil fuel combustion from the geological stores of the carbon cycle, there has been an increase in greenhouse gasses which has caused climate change. This has led to ocean increasing average temperatures. This increases the acidification, leading to stratification in some oceans which reduces the ability of the oceans to absorb carbon dioxide reducing the role of the oceans as a carbon sink. This altered the balance of carbon pathways particularly from geological stores to atmospheric stores Furthermore land use changes and the burning of fossil fuels is changing the atmospheric levels of carbon cycle to the level
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that beyond the oceans are unable to counter the increase leading to the ocean unable to maintain a balanced carbon cycle. - In conclusion, the oceans play a vital role in regulating the carbon cycle by being the largest non-geologic store of carbon as well as being a carbon sink - In addition through the biological pump they are able to sequester carbon from the atmosphere and store it in the deep oceans and eventually some is stored as sea bed sediments. However the ability of the oceans to combat the impact of burning fossil fuels is small and if fossil fuel use continues to accelerate the oceans will have an increasingly smaller role to play in maintaining the carbon cycle. -
Explain why the level of economic development affects the energy mix of countries (6) Developing countries will have an energy mix making up, biomass, and waste and natural resources such as firewood directly for heating or cooking due to it being cheap + free. There is limited fossil fuel use oil for transport, coal for power stations in some of the wealthier developing countries. Limit due to the lack of technology in order to exploit their natural resources such as oil and gas. Emerging countries will have a growth of middle class therefore, increasing transport demand and car ownership so fossil fuels such as oil use rises. Some emerging economies such as China will start to increase their use of renewables such as solar power, whilst others will have lower use as economic development is a greater importance than the environment. In the developed countries oil remains high due to its importance as a transport fuel yet at the same time coal declines due to pollution concerns and replacement with cheaper gas. There is also a rise in clean energy sources rise due to environmental concerns through the cop21 and a growing sustainability agenda further encouraging renewables.
Assess the view that globalisation inevitably damages the physical environment Define globalisation - the integration of the global economy Physical environment 1. Consumption of fossil fuels - it isnt inevitable if there is cooperation across all TNCs/nations, caused by outsourcing of labour = increase in size of middle class in some countries in the global south which has increased demand for things such as personal cars meaning a greater consumption of fossil fuels 2. Air miles, transport, and the use of fossil fuels key data includes 75% of greenhouse gas emissions come from fossil fuels, from transportation high in the US - free trade WTO, WB, an increase in international trade, containerisation 3. Outsourcing labour TNCs using third parties in countries lacking policies and regulations, pollution in global south
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