How's it Gonna Start?
Chapter 1 - 4.99 - Death of a Representative.
~~@~~
You are not an I am and there-in lies the rules and laws of mankind.
You are not singular, we are one.
Everyone gets a say.
When awful darkness and silence reign
Over the great Gromboolian plain,
Through the long, long wintry nights
When the angry breakers roar
As they beat on the rocky shore
When Storm-clouds brood on the towering heights
Of the Hills of the Chankly Bore
The Word of Jesus Christ
~ Everyone gets a say.
"Who cares what a goatherder has to say?"
The Word of Jesus Christ
~ Everyone gets a say, including the goatherder.
"We cant get to everyone to ask them their politics,
they'll have to use a representative."
Politics
Representative democracy, type of democracy in which elected officials represent a group of people
House of Representatives, legislative body in various countries or sub~national entities
Legislator, someone who is a member of a legislature
Other uses
Representative sample, in statistics a sample or subset meant to represent a population
Representative director (Japan), most senior executive in charge of managing a corporation in Japan.
1604.
THE parliament that was indicted on the 23rd of January, this year, to begin [on] the 10th of April thereafter, in the year 1604, was prorogued until the 24th day of the same month first, and the until the 18th of June; and at last ordained, by proclamation, to be held at Perth, [on] the 3rd day of July, this same year. The 12th of March, this year, seven of the Macgregors and Armstrongs were hanged at the cross of Edinburgh. In July, this year, the plague of pestilence raged extremely in many parts of the kingdom. The 10th of September, this same year, [Archibald] Napier, [ninth] Laird of Merchiston, general of the coin house [Mint], went to London, to meet with the English commissioners about the coin, who, to the great amazement of the English, carried his business with a great deal of dexterity and skill; and having concluded the business he went for, he returned home in December thereafter. In October, this year, the whole magistrates of Edinburgh were chosen and elected by virtue of his majesty’s commission, wherein the persons to be elected were named. The treaty of the union of both kingdoms was set a-foot by his Majesty this year, and for that effect [Alexander Seton] the [first] Earl of Dunfermline, Lord Chancellor [of Scotland], took his journey to London, in October, this year; but the treaty being delayed, and the point agreed on, he returned.
Law and politics
Representation (politics), political activities undertaken by elected representatives, as well as other theories
Representative democracy, type of democracy in which elected officials represent a group of people
Representation, in contract law a pre-contractual statement that may (if untrue) result in liability for misrepresentation
Labor representation, or worker representation, the work of a union representative who represents and defends the interests of fellow labor union members
Legal representation, provided by a barrister, lawyer, or other advocate
Lobbying or interest representation, attempts to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of officials.
Permanent representation, a type of diplomatic mission.
"No taxation without representation", a 1700s slogan that summarized one of the American colonists' 27 colonial grievances in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution.
The Global Legal Post
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Hong Kong's representative for legal profession disqualified from Legislative Council. Alvin Lum. Dennis Kwok (second from left) at a press ...2 days ago
Arts, entertainment, and media
Representation (arts), use of signs that stand in for and take the place of something else
Representation (journal), an academic journal covering representative democracy
Depiction, non-verbal representation through two-dimensional images (pictures) of things seen, remembered or imagined
Cognitive science
Representation (psychology), a hypothetical 'internal' cognitive symbol that represents external reality
Knowledge representation, the study of formal ways to describe knowledge
Representation theory (linguistics), a theoretical framework in generative linguistics
Then, through the vast and gloomy dark,
There moves what seems a fiery spark,
A lonely spark with silvery rays
Piercing the coal-black night,--
A Meteor strange and bright:--
Hither and thither the vision strays,
A single lurid light.
Mathematics
Representation (mathematics), a very general relationship that expresses similarities between objects
Group representation, describes abstract groups in terms of linear transformations of vector spaces
Lie algebra representation, a way of writing a Lie algebra as a set of matrices in such a way that the Lie bracket is given by the commutator
Multiple representations (mathematics education), ways to symbolize, to describe and to refer to the same mathematical entity
Representation of a Lie group, a linear action of a Lie group on a vector space
Other uses
Representation (chemistry), graphic representation of the molecular structure of a chemical compound
Social representation, a stock of values, ideas, beliefs, and practices that are shared among the members of groups and communities
1604.
His Majesty, by proclamation of the [31st] of October, inhibit the ministers to assemble themselves together, without his express warrant, under the pains contained in the acts of parliament. The parliament held by his Majesty and estates of England at Westminster, was continued until the 7th of July this year, and then prorogued until the 7th of February following. The 12th of June, this year, Sir Thomas Smythe, alderman of London, was by King James sent [as] ambassador to the Emperor of Russia. Sunday the 5th of August, this year, a lioness in the Tower of London [gave birth to] a lion cub, which lived only until the next day.
The New York Review of Books
The Representative | by Caroline Fraser
The Representative. Caroline Fraser. Ilhan Omar's ability to survive, even thrive, under chaotic conditions appears to have been a harbinger of a ...2 weeks ago
See also
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Representation
Data visualization, the creation and study of the visual representation of data~
Reprazent, a British drum and bass group
Represent (disambiguation)
"A lot of people don't realize what's really going on. They view life as a bunch of unconnected incidents and things. They don't realize that there's this, like, lattice of coincidence that lays on top of everything. Give you an example, show you what I mean: suppose you're thinkin' about a plate of shrimp. Suddenly someone'll say, like, "plate," or "shrimp," or "plate of shrimp" out of the blue, no explanation. No point in lookin' for one, either. It's all part of a cosmic unconsciousness."
We spoke to psychologists and dating experts to identify the seven surprising reasons why someone might fall in love with you. The exposure effect It might sound silly, but if you keep bumping into someone, you increase your chances of forming a relationship with them. It’s something known as the “exposure effect,” explains dating psychologist
Slowly it wanders,--pauses,--creeeps,--
Anon it sparkles,--flashes and leaps;
And ever as onward it gleaming goes
A light on the Bong-tree stems it throws.
And those who watch at that midnight hour
From Hall or Terrace, or lofty Tower,
Cry, as the wild light passes along,--
'The Dong!--the Dong!
'The wandering Dong through the forest goes!
'The Dong! the Dong!~
'The Dong with a luminous Nose!'
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Representative Bureaucracy: Classic Readings and Continuing ...books. google. co .uk › books
Julie Dolan, David H. Rosenbloom · 2003
FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 125
1604.
About the beginning of this summer, there arrived at London, commissioners from the King of Spain, and the Archdukes, to treat of a peace, viz., from Spain came, Juan Fernández de Velasco, Constable of Castile; Juan Baptiste de Tassis, [first Count] of Villamediana; Alessandro Robido, Professor of the Law, and Senator of Milan. From the Archdukes came, Charles [de Ligne], Prince and Count of Arenberg; Jean Richardot, knight, President of the Council of Estate; Louis Verreyken, Principal Secretary of Estate. For his Majesty of Great Britain met, Thomas [Sackville], [first] Earl of Dorset, Lord Treasurer of England; Charles [Howard], [first] Earl of Nottingham, Lord [High] Admiral of England; Henry [Howard], [first] Earl of Northampton; Robert [Cecil, first Earl of Salisbury,] Viscount Cranborne, Principal Secretary of State. This treaty was concluded at London, [on] the 18th day of August, this year, and drawn up in 34 articles, which were signed and subscribed by all the commissioners, and then solemnly proclaimed at Cheapside Cross by the heralds. His Majesty did solemnly swear and subscribe this league, on Sunday the 19th day of this same month, in his chapel at Whitehall.
The Impact of Representative Bureaucracies : Educational Systems and Public Policies Kenneth J. Meier and Joseph Stewart , Jr. Representative bureaucracy is a core topic of public administration research . Although a representative ...
1604.
The 24th day of October, this year, King James was solemnly proclaimed by the heralds, at all the public places of the cities of London and Westminster, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland. Defender of the Faith. The 16th day of November, the commissioners for the standard of coin of both [the Scottish and English] nations, having concluded a proclamation, which issued from them this day, of certain new pieces of coin, both of gold and silver, with the true valuation and weights of them, according to the mint of both nations, Scotland and England.
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1605.
Friday the 4th of January this year, 1605, Charles [Stuart], Duke of Albany, being aged four years, second son to King James, the first monarch of Great Britain, with his knights of the Bath, were lodged at Whitehall; and on Sunday, the 5th day, they were knighted, and he [was] created with great solemnity, Duke of York. The 26th of February, this year, the lioness in the Tower, that had brought forth a [cub] in the former year, brought forth another now; but it died also within 16 days thereafter. The plague of pestilence raged most fearfully through all [of] England, this year, so that there died of the [illness] in London, in one week, 3094 [people]. The 4th of March, this year, Alexander Seton, Lord Fyvie, was created [first] Earl of Dunfermline; Alexander, Lord Home, was created [first] Earl of Home; and James, Lord Drummond, was created [first] Earl of Perth, with great solemnity. Each of them had 4 knights. This same day, likewise, the new coin was proclaimed to have passage as in London, in November the preceding year. On the 4th day of this same month, by his Majesty’s special commission, Alexander [Seton], Earl of Dunfermline, Lord Chancellor of Scotland, in the council chamber, solemnly knighted the Lairds of Hempfield, Nisbet, and Gideon Murray.
The 25th of March, Charles [Howard], Earl of Nottingham, Lord [High] Admiral of England, being accompanied and attended with an earl, three lords, and 30 knights, [besides] gentlemen of quality, a herald, and 2 doctors of physic, was sent by King James [as] ambassador to Spain, to take the Spanish King’s oath, for observation of [the] league lately concluded at London by his commissioners; and for the same effect, on the 19th of April, this year, Edward [Seymour], [first] Earl of Hertford, was by his Majesty sent [as] ambassador to the Archduke [of Austria], Albert [VII.] and [his wife] Isabella, to Brussels, accompanied with two lords and 16 knights, and a great many gentlemen of note and quality.
When anybody talks about erogenous zones, their immediate thoughts go to the obvious body parts, such as the breasts, nipples, clitoris, G-spot and penis as these are the sexual areas of our bodies and are more erogenous than others due largely on the amount of nerve endings located in that area. The genitals undergo a process called Vaso congestion, which causes increased blood flow to these areas, making them highly sensitive when aroused and touched.
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Representative Main article:
Representative money In 1875, the British economic expert William Stanley Jevons described the money second hand at the metre as "representative money". Representative money is money that consists of nominal coins, newspaper publisher money or over-the-counter forcible tokens such as certificates, that can buoy be faithfully exchanged against a frozen quantity of a trade good such as amber or silver-tongued. The prise of example money stands in orchestrate and set intercourse to the good that backs it, while non compos mentis itself beingness composed of that commodity.
1605
The 8th of April, this year, the Queen [gave birth to] a daughter, at Greenwich, about 12 o’clock [midnight]; for joy whereof ringing of bells, shooting of canons, and bonfires were [lit] in London the day following. King James kept St. George’s feast at Greenwich, this year, where the gentlemen and others that of long continuance had used to attend the Lords, in honour of that service, in their gold chains, and liveries, were now wholly omitted, and the King’s guard commanded to supply their places. But the subsequent year, blue coats, chains of gold, and feathers, began again to flourish, and ever since has continued according to the ancient custom of that order; and, at this feast, the King made two new Knights of the Garter, viz., Ulrik Duke of Schleswig, the Queen’s brother, and Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton. On Saturday the 4th of May, this year, in the hall of Greenwich, being ordered for that solemnity, his Majesty created Thomas [Cecil], Lord Burghley, Earl of Exeter; Philip Herbert, [Earl of Pembroke], Earl of Montgomerey; Robert Sidney, [first Earl of Leicester,] Lord Penshurst, Viscount Lisle; Sir John Stanhope, Lord Harrington; Sir George Carew, [first Earl of Totnes,] Lord Clopton; Thomas Arundell, Lord Arundell of Wardour; William Cavendish, [first Earl of Devonshire,] Lord Cavendish of Hardwick.
On Sunday, his Majesty’s second daughter was christened, and named Mary. The 17th day of June, a combat between the Lairds of Edzell [David Lindsay] and Pittarrow [John Wishart], on the High Street of Edinburgh, the fight lasted from 9 [at] night until almost 2 in the morning, before they were separated. In this fight diverse [participants] were hurt, [but] one [man, Guthrie,] only [was] killed; they were summoned to appear before the Lords of his Majesty’s privy council, and were both of them committed to prison.
Saturday, 1st June, this year, Ulrik, Duke of Schleswig, accompanied [by] the King’s Majesty, Prince Henry, and diverse [others] of the nobility, went to Rochester, where the said Duke took [a] ship for Denmark. The 22nd of the month of June, this year, his Majesty, by his proclamation, commanded all dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, [and] lords, to produce their evidence and patents of creation before certain commissioners, at Edinburgh, to the effect that all such controversy as had formerly arisen about the place of precedency, might be reconciled and taken away; and everyone to have that place due to him, both in parliament and otherwise. As also, that all the said lords appear [on] the 1st day of November next, and there, before the said commissioners, produce (as said is); as also, that each nobleman within the kingdom of Scotland, against the first parliament, be provided with robes of scarlet, doubled with white taffeta, and [striped] with ermine, with [a] hood thereto belonging, ready to attend his Majesty and his commissioner. These were the first parliament robes that ever were used in this kingdom. The 1st day of July, this same year, Sir George Home, Lord Treasurer of Scotland, came to Edinburgh, and upon the second day of the same month, he was solemnly, by his Majesty’s commission at Holyrood house palace, in presence of the Lords of his Majesty’s privy council and nobility, there solemnly created Earl of Dunbar, and Lord Berwick on Tweed.
Fiat Main article:
Fiat money Gilded coins arabesquean exemplar oftender thatarabesquetraded against their intrinsicrate, sort ofthan their facialexpression esteem. Order money oredictcurrency is moneywhoseassess is not derived from whatsoever intrinsicevaluate or securethat itcanful be born-again into a worthfultrade good (such as gilt).
Orelse, it has note valuealone by administration dictate(fiat). Commonly, the government declares thefiatcurrency (typically adversariaand coins froma primal banking company, such as the FederalReserve Systemin the U.S.) to betender, qualification it outlawed non compos mentis to consent thefiat up-to-datenessasa agency of quittanceagainstallalong debts, publicand common soldier.
Long years ago
The Dong was happy and gay,
Till he fell in love with a Jumbly Girl
Who came to those shores one day,
For the Jumblies came in a sieve, they did,--
Landing at eve near the Zemmery Fidd
Where the Oblong Oysters grow,
And the rocks are smooth and gray.
And all the woods and the valleys rang
With the Chorus they daily and nightly sang,--
'Far and few, far and few,
Are the lands where the Jumblies live;
Their heads are green, and their hands are blue
And they went to sea in a sieve.'
1605.
Saturday the 15th of June, Thomas Douglas was committed to the Tower of London, having irons on him, who arrived there some 3 days before, sent prisoner by [Frederick IV.] the Prince Elector Palatine of the Rhine; and on Wednesday the 26th of the same month, he was brought from the Tower to the Sessions house [outside] Newgate, and there arraigned and condemned of high treason; and on the next day was drawn from there on a hurdle to Smithfield, and there hanged and quartered. At his death he acknowledged all his indictment to be true, and did profess before God, that none but himself was accessory to his treasons; the abstract whereof I have here set down. [Firstly], Whereas the last year, James Stuart was executed for counterfeiting the King’s hand[writing], thinking thereby to have procured the great seal of England unto forged letters patents for conveying 100 merk lands by the year, of crown land, to himself: this Douglas was his counsellor and coadjutor; who seeing Stuart apprehended, presently prepared himself to gain wealth or preferment by device of foreign employment. And whereas, at first he pretended to have obtained the King’s privy seal or signet from [James Elphinstone, first Lord Balmerino,] the Lord Secretary of Scotland, by means of his brother, who did then serve the said Lord Secretary. The said Thomas Douglas confessed, after his conviction, that he caused the said signet [to] be counterfeited, and therewith sealed six letters to six [separate] Princes of Germany. 1. To [Johann Nopel der Jüngere] the Archbishop of Cologne; 2. To [Frederick IV.] the Prince Elector Palatine; 3. To [Lothar von Metternich] the Archbishop of Trier; 4. To the city of Cologne; 5. To [Johann Wilhelm] the Duke of Cleves; 6. To [Johann Philipp von Schönborn] the Archbishop of Mainz; in which he styled himself Robert Gray of the privy chamber.
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The Principles of Representative Government - Bernard Manin, Jack Goody, Geoffrey Hawthorn · 1997 FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 193 - 6 Metamorphoses of representative government It is sometimes claimed that , in Western countries, political representation is experiencing a crisis . For many years , representation appeared to ...
1605.
The 2nd of July, this year, the ministers held an Assembly at Aberdeen, for which, contrary [to] the King’s command, they were convened before the Lords of the privy council, which act of theirs they defended as agreeable to the word of God; for which, and denying the King’s supremacy in matters [of church], (as the tenor of their censure went) six of the ringleaders, the 10th of January following, were arraigned at Blackness castle, and condemned of high treason; but none of them did suffer more for it than banishment. [Georg] Ludwig, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg, arrives in England, with above 100 in train, ambassador from the [Holy Roman] Emperor Rudolf [II.], to King James; and on the 12th of July, this year, he had [an] audience [with] the King at Whitehall. Amongst other matters of his embassy, these were the 3 prime articles: Firstly, A congratulatory complement from the Emperor to his Majesty, for the peaceful obtaining and enjoying of the kingdoms of England and Ireland, his lawful inheritance; and for the preservation of the [friendship] that has been between the said Emperor and Queen Elizabeth, of good memory lately deceased. Secondly, For the continuation of the treaty begun in the city of Bream, a little before the Queen died, concerning the [Hanseatic Towns] and their privileges. Thirdly, For aid and assistance against the common enemy of Christendom, the Turk. This ambassador departed [on] the 22nd day of July, this year; and when he took his leave of his Majesty, he [gifted] him with a cupboard of silver plate, valued at 1500 pounds sterling. About the 5th of November, this year, that [terrible] powder plot was discovered, wherein the conspirators intended to blow up the parliament house at Westminster, (with gunpowder) with the King, Prince, Duke of York, and the whole nobility of England; with the commissioners of the shires and burghs of the same. Many of the conspirators being apprehended, were arraigned at Westminster, [on] the 27th of January, in the following year, before certain commissioners appointed by his Majesty for that effect.
The parties indicted were:
1.Thomas Wintour of Huddington, in Warwickshire;
2. Guy Fawkes of London;
3. Robert Keyes of London;
4 .Thomas Bates, yeoman.
These 4 were arraigned for:
1. Plotting to blow up the parliament house with gunpowder.
2. For taking [an] oath and sacrament for secrecy.
3. For hiring a house near the parliament house.
4. For digging a mine, and finding that faulty, for hiring a cellar under the parliament house.
5. For bringing of powder, match and [tinder] into the cellar, to effect their treason.
Robert Wintour, Thomas’ brother, John Grant of Yorkshire, and Ambrose Rookwood, of Stanningfield, in Suffolk. were all three indicted on these points:
1. For being acquainted with the treason afterwards;
2. For giving their assent thereto;
3. For taking their solemn oath and sacrament for secrecy.
Sir Everard Digby of Gayhurst, in Buckinghamshire, being arraigned,
was indicted,
1. For being made acquainted with the said treason;
2. For yielding assent;
3. For taking his corporal oath for secrecy.
Another measurement of money is it's exploitation.
Origination of money In current economic systems, money is created by two procedures: Stamp, or constrict money is the hard cash created by a Central Bank by minting coins and printing process bank notes.
Happily, happily passed those days!
While the cheerful Jumblies staid;
They danced in circlets all night long,
To the plaintive pipe of the lively Dong,
In moonlight, shine, or shade.
For day and night he was always there
By the side of the Jumbly Girl so fair,
With her sky-blue hands, and her sea-green hair.
Till the morning came of that hateful day
When the Jumblies sailed in their sieve away,
And the Dong was left on the cruel shore
Gazing--gazing for evermore,--
Ever keeping his weary eyes on
That pea-green sail on the far horizon,--
Singing the Jumbly Chorus still
As he sate all day on the grassy hill,--
'Far and few, far and few,
Are the lands where the Jumblies live;
Their heads are green, and their hands are blue
And they went to sea in a sieve.'
"There ain't no difference between a flying saucer and a time machine. People get so hung up on specifics they miss out on seeing the whole thing. Take South America for example. [In] South America, thousands of people go missing every year. Nobody knows where they go, they just, like, disappear. But if you think about it for a minute, you realize something. There had to be a time when there was no people, right? Well where did all these people come from, huh? I'll tell you where. The future. And where did all these people disappear to? [Otto: The past?] That's right! And how did they get there? Flying saucers. Which are really..? Yeah, you got it, time machines. I think a lot about this kind of stuff."
It affects one in 10 women in the UK and causes debilitating pain, very heavy periods and infertility. In order to support those with endometriosis, the APPG has called on the government to commit to a series of support measures for those with endometriosis including a commitment to reduce average diagnosis times with a target.
A short-lived Tesco tweet deeming sanitary products “non-essential” has sparked outrage and highlighted confusion over Wales’ new firebreak lockdown rules.
On Monday, a Welsh customer named Katie contacted the supermarket chain on Twitter asking why she was told that she couldn't buy sanitary towels from her local branch.
"Can you explain why I was told today that I can't buy PERIOD PADS as I'm sure they are essential to women?!!!" she tweeted.
"But I can buy alcohol, it doesn't make sense."
A spokesperson for Tesco named Raza replied from the company's main account in a now-deleted tweet that reads: "We understand how frustrating these changes will be for our Welsh customers.”
1606.
The 29th and 30th days of March this year, 1606, the wind so extraordinarily tempestuous and violent, that it caused [a] great [amount of] shipwrecks in Scotland, England, France and the Netherlands. It blew [down] trees by the roots, ruined whole villages, and caused the sea and many rivers to overflow their [usual] limits and bounds, that many people and [farm animals] were drowned and perished. His Majesty this year, in April, for [resolving] of some difference between his subjects of North and South Britain, travelling by seas, about the bearing of their flags, and for avoiding all such contentions hereafter; by his proclamation of the 12th of this month, ordained the ships of both nations to carry on their main tops the flags of St. Andrew and St George interlaced; and those of North Britain in their stern that of St. Andrew, and those of South Britain that of St. George. The 24th of the month of April this year, Don Juan [de] Mendoza, Marquis of [Montesclaros], Captain General of Portugal, accompanied with Don Juan Blasco de Aragon, of the council of Milan, with others, arrived at London, from [Philip III.] the King of Spain, to congratulate the King of England’s happy deliverance from the late gunpower treason. He brought a present from [Margaret of Austria] the Queen of Spain to [Anne of Denmark] the Queen of Great Britain, viz., a robe of [mulberry] satin, embroidered with gold; the forepart whereof was adorned with 48 [tassels], 3 inches long, of beaten gold, hollow within, and filled with ambergris, and a velvet cape, with gold buttons curiously enamelled like the tassels; a girdle suitable to the buttons. Every [one] of these [separately] enclosed in an oval box of gold. These were presented all together in a large vessel of gold, in form of a basin. He came to London on Tuesday; had [an] audience on Saturday; the next day the King feasted [with] them royally; on Monday he delivered his presents, and returned upon the Wednesday. The lady Sophia, daughter to the King’s Majesty, was born at Greenwich, upon |Sunday the 22nd of June, at 3 o’clock in the morning, and died the next day; and on Thursday following, was solemnly interred at Westminster. In this same month of June, Mr John Forbes, who had [believed] the Lord Chancellor Dunfermline, as one [who] had approved the late assembly held by the ministers at Aberdeen, whereat the King was highly offended. The Lord Chancellor denies it altogether, as an unjust [lie] laid on him, and humbly, by his letters, entreats his Majesty that it might be put to a trial; for which the King writes to the council. They cite Mr John; [in order] to verify his assertion, [and] produce as witness, Mr Walter Balcanquell and Mr James Balfour, ministers, and the Laird of Leys, [Alexander] Burnet, who all of them being examined, cleared the Lord Chancellor of that aspersion, as the Lord of privy council, with their depositions sent to his Majesty, did write the date the 14th day of June, 1606.
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Bud: Credit is a sacred trust. It's what our free society was founded on! Do you think they give a damn about their bills in Russia? [Otto does not answer] I said, "Do you think they give a damn about their bills in Russia?"
Otto Maddox: They don't pay bills in Russia. It's all free.
Bud: Free, my ass. What are you, a fuckin' Commie?
Otto Maddox: No, I ain't no Commie!
Bud: I don't want no Commies in my car!... No Christians, either!
Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy - Page 223books. google. co. uk › books
Nadia Urbinati · 2008
FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 223
This book has inquired into the conditions that make representation democratic, a mode of political participation that can activate a variety of forms of citizen control and oversight. I have argued that representative democracy is an original form ...
A series of outraged replies to her original tweet from women who described her inability to purchase sanitary products as “truly shocking". “That’s insanity,” another added. “They are essential items to those who need them and that’s hardly a voluntary choice! Certainly more essential than booze.” Last week, the Welsh government announced it would be implementing a firebreak lockdown for Wales to combat the rising number of coronavirus infections in the country.
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Singaporean organisation Team SMG has appointed sports and entertainment agency SPORTFIVE as its commercial sales representative. 1 week ago
1606
The King of Denmark arrives in London, [on] the 18th day of July this year, and on Thursday, the [31st] of July, the Kings of Great Britain and Denmark rode through the city of London in triumph; and in August thereafter they returned home. The so often prorogued parliament sat down at Perth, [on] the 9th of July this year, wherein John [Graham], [third] Earl of Montrose, was commissioner for his Majesty. In this act passed the act for the restitution of bishops; and a taxation was granted to defray his Majesty’s debts, by the estates, of 4 [pounds] on the pound land; with the comfortable proportion to be paid by the prelates and burghs. This was to be paid in four years completely, and the first term’s payment to being at Candlemas (2nd of February) next. This tax was a large double of the greatest taxation that ever was granted to any King of Scotland [until now]. During this parliament, there fell out a great [disturbance] between the Earls of Eglinton [Hugh Montgomerie] and Glencairn [James Cunningham], and their friends. Many were hurt on both sides, and one man [John Mathie] of the Earl of Glencairn’s killed. But this, with the old feud between these two families, by his Majesty’s special commandment, was submitted to six of either side, to reconcile all matters, which if they could not be reconciled by the mediation of friends; then did these Lords absolutely submit all their debates and controversies to the King’s Majesty’s decision, which his Majesty and council fully composed and agreed by the industrious negotiation of [George Home] the Earl of Dunbar, his Majesty’s commissioner for that effect, in the month of February, in the following year; the Earl of Eglinton himself being dead, and Alexander [Montgomerie], the Lord Seton’s 3rd son, having succeeded him. George [Home], [first] Earl of Dunbar, his Majesty’s commissioner for ordering the borders, took such a course with the broken men and [thieves] in the borders of both kingdoms, in September, that in 2 justiciary courts held by him, he condemned and caused [to be] hanged above 140 of the nimblest and most powerful thieves in all the borders, and who were most obnoxious to the public peace; and fully reduced the other inhabitants there to the obedience of his Majesty’s laws.
Some 66 per cent of consumers surveyed in a McKinsey study said they consider sustainability when making a luxury purchase. Still, only 31 per cent of Gen-Z and 12 per cent of baby boomers are willing to pay more for sustainable products, according to the consulting firm.
Big brands have begun to respond, with Inditex SA’s Zara this year pledging to use 100 per cent sustainable fabrics by 2025. Hennes & Mauritz AB (H&M) earlier committed to do so by 2030. But deciding which technologies and materials will succeed is difficult.
“It’s still fairly unclear which of the many great innovations that are in the market will scale and become dominant.”
1606.
The plague of pestilence raged so extremely in all the corners of this kingdom, this year, so that neither burgh nor land in any part was free. The burghs of Ayr and Stirling were almost desolate; and all the judicatories of the land were deserted, except the meetings, now and then, of the Lords of the privy council, and only for a day at most, to keep some face and countenance of order and government; – these are [Alexander Seton, first Earl of Dunfermline,] the Lord Chancellor’s own words to his Majesty, by his letters of the 30th of October this year. John, Earl of Montrose, who, in the beginning of the preceding year, had [resigned] his office of Lord Chancellor, was made Viceroy of Scotland, with a good pension, and 6000 merks per annum, conferred on him and his, heritably. In his place of Chancellor succeeded Alexander [Seton, first] Earl of Dunfermline, President of [the] College of Justice; and to him, in the place, succeeded Sir John Preston [Lord Fentonbarns] of Penicuik, knight, one of the Senators of the said College. In December, this year, a General Assembly of the church was held at Linlithgow; wherein, amongst other business, his Majesty, by his letters to the said Assembly, (which they ordained their clerk to record,) recommended to the Assembly, with taking strict order with catholics, jesuits, and seminary priests, without exception of persons; and that they should take heed that people should not choke the good seed of the evangel. Diverse of the more precise amongst the ministry took this pious and religious admonition of the King’s as cream and oil, to soften and smooth his mysterious designs, and daily advancing of the estate of bishops, with new privileges, which daily encroached more and more, to the suppressing of the free liberties of this church; as was signified to his Majesty, the 16 day of this month, by the letters of his Viceroy, Montrose, Kenmure, Blantyre, and President Preston, who assisted at this Assembly. For it was notoriously understood, and manifestly known to the wisest, that [George Home] the [first] Earl of Dunbar, his Majesty’s Treasurer of Scotland, distributed amongst the most needy and clamorous of the ministry, to obtain their voices and suffrage, (or else move them to be neutrals,) 440 thousand merks of money, to facilitate the business intended, and [have] matters go [more] smoothly on. Which ministry of state came thereafter to light, by the view of the Lord Treasurer Dunbar, his accounts; a gross fault in him, which, if revealed in his lifetime, might have cost him his head, for his small prudence, and little circumspection, in leaving such an item on record to be look on by posterity; which account was shown to King Charles at the treaty of [Berwick], long thereafter, in [the year] 1639.
The Representative Agent in Macroeconomics Page 20 books. google. co.uk › books
James E Hartley, James E. Hartley · 2002
FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 20
can get the same result using either a simple macroeconomic model or a complex representative agent model, the former is more desirable. We will trace out a threefold rationale for using representative agent models. At the most superficial ...
Another amount of money, M0, is furthermore used; unliketheformer measures, it does not a dumb rate sensible buying king by firms and households in the thriftiness.[citation requisite] M0 is root word money, or the sum of money truly issued by the telephone exchange savings bank of a land. It is careful as currency addition deposits of banks and early institutions at the key cant.
1607.
The Lords of the privy council, by their letters to his Majesty, of the 27th of January this year, 1607, that his treasurer of England, contrary [to] the treaty of the union, had taken certain wines from a Scots merchant named Geddes, on [the] only pretext, that he was not a native of England; which was a very dangerous preparative for his Majesty’s Scottish subjects in matters of commerce, putting them in a worse state, than they were in before the union lately treated of, and whereat his good subjects here universally grieved at. Therefore they humbly entreated his Majesty to [have] his English treasurer restore the same, or the price, to the merchant; which his Majesty [had] speedily done, conforming to his privy council’s letter. The 7th day of this same month, Chancellor Dunfermline writes to his Majesty, that there was not so much as the least talk or [discussion] at the time, in Scotland, of any matter concerning the state, except some little of church matters, and of their differences; which notwithstanding were lately marvellously settled and quieted, and by all appearance would shortly wear to full conformity, answerable to his Majesty’s princely and pious designs. Archibald [Campbell], Earl of Argyle, by his letters to his Majesty, of the 28th of February, this year, shows that according to his Majesty’s command, he had contracted his eldest daughter, the 24th of this same month, to George, Lord Gordon, [George Gordon] the Marquis of Huntly’s eldest son; and therefore besought his Majesty to release Huntly for a time, and license him to come to the south, for accomplishing that marriage. The ancient laws of Scotland, collected by Sir John Skene, {Lord] Clerk Register, one of the Lords of the privy council’s recommendation to the King, by their letters of the 4th of March, this year, were ordained to be published and printed on his Majesty’s charge. The 26th of this month, the Clandonald of the Isles, that had shaken off the yoke of obedience, and committed many villanies and outrages, were, by the Lords of his Majesty’s privy council, declared rebels; and George [Gordon], Marquis of Huntly, employed against them, to reduce them to their duty: which employment he took to be advised with, until the month of April following. The parliament which was called to sit down at Edinburgh the 18th of this month, was continued until the 11th of August following. This same month, Alasdair Dow Mhic-Gille-Chalum, a notorious thief and murderer, was taken by the Laird of Lesmoir, [James] Gordon; his brother John was hurt, and 5 of his men [were] killed. He was presented to the Lords of council, and thereafter arraigned and executed.
M0 is furthermore the sole money that throne fill the reticence requirements of commercial-grade banks. Conception of money In stream economic systems, money is created by deuce procedures: Legal tender, or peg downmoney (M0) is the hard cash created by a Central Bank by minting coins and printing banknotes.
But when the sun was low in the West,
The Dong arose and said;--
--'What little sense I once possessed
'Has quite gone out of my head!'--
And since that day he wanders still
By lake or forest, marsh and hill,
Singing--'O somewhere, in valley or plain
'Might I find my Jumbly Girl again!
'For ever I'll seek by lake and shore
'Till I find my Jumbly Girl once more!'
The fashion business produces 20 per cent of the world’s wastewater and 10 per cent of carbon emissions– more than all international flights and maritime shipping combined, according to a United Nations report. It takes around 2,000 gallons of water to make a typical pair of jeans, while the equivalent of one garbage truck of textiles is sent to landfill or burned every second.
The Promise of Representative Bureaucracy: Diversity and ... Page 41books . google. co.uk › books
Sally Coleman Selden · 2015
FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 41
J. Donald Kingsley's (1944) conception of representative bureaucracy differs significantly from the commonly asserted definition that bureaucracy should be broadly representative of the general public. Since British politics is class based, ...
Instance Briny article: Representative money In 1875, the British economist William Stanley Jevons described the money ill-used at the prison term as congressmanmoney". Illustration money is money that consists of item coins, report money or otc strong-arm tokens such as certificates, that crapper be dependably exchanged against a fixed measure of a commodity such as amber or facile. The treasure of congressman money stands in calculate and rigid recounting to the trade good that backs it, piece not itself beingness composed of that good.
Fiat money Gilded coins are a good example of legal tender that area traded for their intrinsice valuate, kind of than their nerve assess. Rescript money or decreecurrency is money whose evaluate is not derived from any intrinsicrate or assure that it tin can be born-again into a valuable commodity (such as golden). Alternatively, it has evaluate alone by regime set up (fiat). Usually, the regime declares the order up-to-dateness (typically notes and coins from a fundamental coin bank, such as the Federal Reserve Systemin the U.S.) to be legal tender, qualification it illegitimate not to acknowledge the edict up-to-dateness as a way of refund for wholly debts, world and secret.
1607
In May, this year, the deadly feud and enmity between [John] Haitlie of Mellerstain, and Home of Eccles [son of Cowdenknowes], by his Majesty’s special command, was reconciled by a committee from the council table. The strict proclamations that had issued forth in the beginning of this year, inhibitting all his Majesty’s subjects, save his guard, to wear guns or pistols, was duly put in[to] execution, this month, by the Lords of his Majesty’s privy council, with imprisonment and fining of the [offenders] of this edict and proclamation. A parliament held at Edinburgh, this year, wherein Ludovic [Stewart], [second] Duke of Lennox, sat as his Majesty’s commissioner, [on the] 11th of August. The 1st act of it was against sayers and hearers of mass; but there was another act giving power to Mr George Gledstanes, Archbishop of St. Andrews, to make [a] choice of 7 persons, beneficed within his diocese, to be his chapter and council, and so consequently to all the bishops of the kingdom to do the [same]; which indeed was the very restitution of [the] bishops, about the form of chapters. The synod of Clydesdale was held [on] the 18th of this same month of August, whereat, by virtue of his Majesty’s commission, [James Hamilton] the Earl of Abercorn assisted; and by his menaces and threats, [made] the said synod conform themselves to the act of the General Assembly of Linlithgow, and chose John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of Glasgow, their moderator; which election, diverse [members] of the ministry did oppose, but were so dealt with by the Earl, that they voiced. Not only two of them mainly opposed, and would never condescend, but spoke publicly against it, in bitter terms, which were Mr William Simson, minister of Drimnin, as the said Earl witnessed to his Majesty by his letters of the 26th of this August. This same month, Sir Bevis Bulmer, that had been employed by his Majesty for the silver mines of Hilderston hill, not being able to maintain the charge of these works, in respect of their small return, did by his bond and disposition, [gave] the said works to Sir Thomas Hamilton, his Majesty’s advocate, their first owner.
Said she’s now devoting her time and money to start ups that make one of the world’s most wasteful industries more sustainable. After selling the family stake in a Chinese joint venture with New York-listed Iconix Brand Group Inc. for $56m in 2015, she started her own eco-friendly label, backing suppliers that are using innovative technologies to make materials and clothes.
If you’re considering adding one to your autumn arsenal, there are plenty of authentic versions to be found in vintage shops or online marketplaces like Depop.
(Paramount Pictures)
Those with a penchant for prints should look to Ganni’s leopard print version or Dries Van Noten’s geometric style, which would both look just as good layered over a classic shirt and jeans as they would over a clashing printed midi dress.
Some other measuring rod of money, M0, is as well second hand; dissimilar the otc measures, it does not lay out thorough purchasing tycoon by firms and house holds in the thriftiness.
M0 is stem money, or the number of money absolutely issued by the central rely of a rural area. It is metric as currency plus deposits of banks and early institutions at the primarely.
1607
The 6th of September, this year, between 3 and 4 in the morning, the north quarter of the palace of Linlithgow fell, roof and all, to the ground. It was thereafter repaired and a new [one] built, by his Majesty’s direction, Sir Gideon Murray, of Elibank, knight, being Treasurer Depute [of Scotland], in [the year]
1616.
The 16th of November, proclamation was made at Whitehall, concerning the sudden flight of [Hugh O’Neill] the [third] Earl of Tyrone and [Rory O’Donnell, first Earl of] Tyrconnell, who had fled out of Ireland, in the month of September last, unto Spain. In this proclamation was declared the fugitives purpose and practise, to extirpate the English nation out of Ireland, and to yield and confer the kingdom of Ireland unto [Paul V.] the Pope; and the Earl of Tyrone soliciting foreign princes to attempt [the] conquest thereof. I will not omit how, on the 16th day of September last, the King’s daughter, the Lady Mary, departed this life, and was solemnly interred at Westminster, in the sepulchre of the Kings.
M0 is furthermore the solitary money that give the sack fill the taciturnity requirements of commercial-grade banks. Cosmos of money In stream economical systems, money is created by two dollar bill procedures:Legal tender, or narrowmoney M0 is the cash created by a Central Bank by minting coins and printing process banknotes.
The Future of Representative Democracy - Page 23books . google. co.uk › books
Sonia Alonso, John Keane, Wolfgang Merkel · 2011
FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 231 Representative democracy and its critics Nadia Urbinati The democracy of the moderns The term 'representative democracy' conveys the complexity, richness and uniqueness of the political order of the moderns, an original synthesis of two ...
Playing a pipe with silvery squeaks,
Since then his Jumbly Girl he seeks,
And because by night he could not see,
He gathered the bark of the Twangum Tree
On the flowery plain that grows.
And he wove him a wondrous Nose,--
A Nose as strange as a Nose could be!
Of vast proportions and painted red,
And tied with cords to the back of his head.
In a hollow rounded space it ended
With a luminous Lamp within suspended,
All fenced about
With a bandage stout
To prevent the wind from blowing it out;--
And with holes all round to send the light,
In gleaming rays on the dismal night.
Some other value of money, M0, is like wise second hand; different the over-the-counter measures, it does not symbolise substantial purchasing baron by firms and households in the economy. M0 is nucleotide money, or the sum of money of money verily issued by the cardinal savings bank of a country. It is mensurable as currency asset deposits of banks and over-the-counter institutions at the telephone exchange cant. M0 is as well then but then money that bathroom gratify the reticence requirements of commercial message banks.
1608.
In January, 1608, George [Gordon], Marquis of Huntly, was commanded to prison, in Stirling castle, this year, for refusing to conform himself to the orders of the church; likewise, he was commanded by his Majesty’s letters of the 15th of February, to send his eldest son to London, to attend his Majesty, which he willingly obeyed. The 9th of February, this same year, John Ramsay, [first Earl of Holderness,] Viscount Haddington, married Elizabeth, eldest daughter to Robert [Radclyffe, fifth] Earl of Sussex. By the crafty dealing of Mr John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of Glasgow, in February, this year, the new taxmen of the customs augmented their duty, and paid 35,000 merks more than ever was paid for them in former times. Upon his Majesty’s letters to the council, this year, Mr John Murray, minister, was questioned before the Lords of the privy council, for preaching a sermon, at Leith, and publishing the same, wherein some head of it seemed to imply a censure of his Majesty’s government of the state; of which imputation he cleared himself by the explanation of his own words to the Lords of the privy council; and by his humble supplication to the King’s Majesty, under his own hand, in March. The 19th of April, this year, at Whitehall, died Thomas Sackville, [first] Earl of Dorset, Lord [High] Treasurer of England, suddenly at [the] council table; and in that place succeeded to him, on the 6th day of May thereafter, Robert [Cecil], [first] Earl of Salisbury. In this same month, O’Doherty burns the town of Derry, in the province of Ulster, in the kingdom of Ireland; whereof the inhabitants [appeal to Alexander Seton, first Earl Dunfermline,] the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, and he [informed] the King’s Majesty, by his letters of the 28th of April this year. The old feuds of blood and slaughter between the Laird of Luss and the Macfarlanes, was, in this month, by the council’s mediation, absolutely submitted to the King’s Majesty’s determination. The Macfarlanes had killed [Sir Alexander Colquhoun] the Laird of Luss’s brother, with many of his friends and followers; casting down some of his houses, cut his woods, spoiled his lands and tenants, for which he had obtained decreets against them for great sums of money, and had declared them rebels by law.
The Executor's Handbook: A Step-by-Step Guide to Settling an Estate for Personal Representatives, Administrators, and Beneficiaries, Fourth Edition [Book]
Setting Up Representative Offices in China - Page 1books . google. co.uk › books
Chris Devonshire-Ellis, Andy Scott, Sam Woollard · 2011
FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 1
Representative Offices (ROs) are useful and relatively inexpensive vehicles for establishing a presence in China. However, they can be complicated to set up so here we explain the mechanisms to do so. Some of the benefits and advantages ...
Cosmos of money In electric current economic systems, money is created by ijti had procedures: Tender, or peg downmoney (M0) is the cash in created by a Central Bank by minting coins and printing process banknotes.
M0 is root word money, or the add up of money verily issued by the cardinal banking company of a rural area. It is metric as currentness plus deposits of bank sand otc institutions at the primal bank. M0 is moreover the solitary money that tin-can fill the appropriate requirements of commercial banks. In saturation of money In flow economical systems, money is created by deuce procedures: Stamp, or peg down money (M0) is the cash in created by a Central Bank by minting coins and impression banknotes.
If there's ever a sign that a trend is on the rise, it’s when it turns up on TikTok. In recent weeks, the video sharing platform has been inundated with glowing endorsements from TikTok teens, who have been creating videos showing us how to style the trend with oversized shirts and tiny tennis skirts.
1608
The 20th of May, at Windsor, in England, this year, George Home, [first] Earl of Dunbar, and Philip Herbert, [fourth earl of Pembroke and first] Earl of Montgomery, were installed [as] Knights of the Garter; and Mr Alexander Hay, secretary of the Scottish affairs, was knighted by his Majesty. On this same 20th day of May, there was held a convention of the estates at Edinburgh, about the affairs of the Isles, wherein the estates absolutely refused to give any taxation for that purpose, but condescended to serve his Majesty in that war, conform to the ancient form and laws of the land; which course was not followed. Howsoever, the Lords of his Majesty’s privy council took another course to levy 500 men, under the name of a Guard to the King’s Lieutenant, to be designed for that service, by his Majesty, which was [Andrew Stuart] the [second] Lord Ochitree, his Majesty’s controller, to pay them 10,000 merks for the first month’s wages, and the fines of the rebels, to defray the rest of the charges. And with all, the Lords of the council did write to his Majesty, entreating him to send 3 or 4 of his ships with all speed to the Isle of Trotternish [Skye]; and to command the captains of them to obey his lieutenant; and the rendezvous of the soldiers to be at Islay. In this same month of May, John Buchanan and his wife, Margaret Hertsyde, that had lain long in prison here, for the alleged stealing [of] some of the Queen’s jewels (but the courtiers talked, that it was for revealing some of the Queen’s secrets to the King, which a wise chambermaid would not have done,) was, by a sentence, condemned to perpetual exile in the Islands of Orkney, and declared to be an infamous person, in August, this year.
The Representative of the People?: Voters and Voting in ...
- Page 157books.google. co . uk › books
Derek Hirst · 2005
FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 157
8 Local Benefits , and Taxes The House of Commons was , in terms of numbers , directly representative of perhaps about one - third of the adult male population . There remains the question of the form this representation took . Did the voters ...
William the Silent (24 April 1533 – 10 July 1584), also known as William the Taciturn (translated from Dutch: Willem de Zwijger), or William of Orange (Dutch: Willem van Oranje), was the main leader of the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1581. Born into the House of Nassau, he became Prince of Orange in 1544 and is thereby the founder of the Orange-Nassau branch and the ancestor of the monarchy of the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, he is also known as Father of the Fatherland (Dutch: Vader des Vaderlands).
Representative British Dramas - Page 447books . google. co .uk › books
Montrose J. Moses · 2008
FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 447
He is representative of a period in English life and letters, interesting because of its inconsequence, because of its studied freedom which seems to have been framed solely to break through the shams of Victorian prudishmess.
1608
The 21st of August, this year, his Majesty, by his letters to the Lords of his privy council, ordains them to require [George Gordon] the Marquis of Huntly, with the Earls of Angus [William Douglas] and Errol [Francis Hay], to re-enter their persons in prison; and that hereafter, they have no release nor liberty, for so much as a day, with[out] his Majesty’s special command. In June, this year, the King commands his advocate criminally to pursue Sir Robert Gordon of Lochinvar, was for killing off his own servant, of whom he was too jealous, as being too familiar with his lady [Isabel Ruthven], (which by all was esteemed a most wicked [lie],) and only by him forged to stain the honour of his own lady, to the end he might empty his own bed, to give another room, of less worth than her, of whom he would have been most willingly rid of. His Majesty, this same year, did write to the commissioners of burghs [who were] convened at Edinburgh, with Sir John Drummond, that they would inhibit their merchants to give any charitable relief of supply to the banished Scottish ministers that were in the Netherlands; and that they should not make [a] choice of a minister for the Scottish merchants in Campveer; and, lastly, that they take especial notice of the conservator of their privilege, Sir Robert Dennistoun, whom he, by his own experience, had found to be a most faithful servant to himself and to the whole nation. The 23rd of June, this year, Thomas Garnet, a Jesuit, was executed at Tyburn, near London, having favour offered him of life, if he would have taken the oath of allegiance, which was proclaimed the 29th of April this same year, to be ministered to all persons that should come from beyond the seas; only to distinguish honest subjects from traitors, and not for any point in religion. All known merchants, and others of honest quality, were exempt from taking this oath. This edict was made by reason that many suspicious persons of base sort came daily from beyond the seas, and refused to take this oath. The 14th day of July, this year, James Douglas of [Parkhead] was killed on the [Royal Mile] of Edinburgh, between 6 and 7 hours in the morning, by William Stewart, son to Sir William Stewart, who escaped. The General Assembly held this month, ordains [William Douglas] the [tenth] Earl of Angus to be excommunicated; he being since May last a prisoner in Glasgow, as he himself shows his Majesty; by his letters of the 10th of August this year, craving his liberty from prison, and that his Majesty would be pleased to permit him to depart the realm to France.
In law, abandonment is the relinquishment, giving up or renunciation of an interest, claim, civil proceedings, appeal, privilege, possession, or right, especially with the intent of never again resuming or reasserting it. Such intentional action may take the form of a discontinuance or a waiver. This broad meaning has a number of applications in different branches of law. In common law jurisdictions, both common law abandonment and statutory abandonment of property may be recognized.
Common law abandonment is "the relinquishment of a right [in property] by the owner thereof without any regard to future possession by himself or any other person, and with the intention to foresake [sic] or desert the right...."
or
"the voluntary relinquishment of a thing by its owner with the intention of terminating his ownership, and without [the intention of] vesting ownership in any other person; the giving up of a thing absolutely, without reference to any particular person or purpose...."
By contrast, an example of statutory abandonment (albeit in a common law jurisdiction) is the abandonment by a bankruptcy trustee under 11 U.S.C. § 554.
In Scots law, failure to assert a legal right in a way that implies abandonment of that property is called "taciturnity", while the term "abandonment" in Scots law refers specifically to a procedure by which a party gives up civil proceedings or an appeal.
Intentional abandonment is also referred to as dereliction, and something voluntarily abandoned by its owner with the intention of not retaking it is a derelict. Someone that holds the property or to whom property rights have been relinquished is an abandonee. An item that has been abandoned is termed an abandum. A res nullius abandoned by its owner, leaving it vacant, belongs to no one.
1608
In the month of October, this year, Alexander [Seton, first] Earl of Dunfermline, Lord Chancellor of Scotland, by the people of Edinburgh was elected and chosen provost of the said city; of which election the town excuses themselves to his Majesty, as done out of necessity, and for advancement of his Majesty’s service; whereat the King was extremely incensed, and the town, to please his Majesty, was forced in November, following, to elect [again] Sir John Arnot, their provost. In November, this same year, [George Gordon] the [first] Marquis of Huntly, and Francis Hay, [ninth] Earl of Erroll, Great Constable of Scotland, for not satisfying the church for their entertaining of mass[-holding] priests and Jesuits, and not receiving the sacrament of the Lords supper, were commanded, the one of them [Francis Hay] himself prisoner in the castle of Dumbarton, and the other to Stirling; and the Earl of Angus, who had been long a prisoner in Glasgow for the same [reason], (with his Majesty’s permission) voluntarily exiles himself to France, this same month. In this same month of November, James Elphinston, Lord Balmerino, principal secretary of state to his Majesty for the kingdom of Scotland, being this year challenged in England about some letters written by him in his Majesty’s name to Pope Clement [VIII.], before the King did attain the crown of England; but he confessed ([fraudulently], as was though by those that best understood the court, and how matters then went) to liberate the King of such grossness, being examined by some privy councillors of both kingdoms: that in [the year] 1598, he had written to the Pope in his Majesty’s name, for a Cardinal’s hat, to be bestowed on [William] Chisholm, a Scottish man, then Bishop of Vaison in France, brother to the Laird of [Crown lands] in Perthshire; in which letter (he having [obtained] the King’s hand to it) he styles the Pope Beatissime Pater [Holy Father], with other such phrases, which almost wronged the King’s honour and reputation with all the protestant princes and states in Europe. His trial and punishment (he being a Scottish nobleman) was remitted to the Justice of Scotland; and he sent home there under guard, from shire to shire, of all which the King [informs] his privy council of Scotland, the 21st of the month of November, by Spottiswoode, Archbishop of Glasgow. After his arrival in Scotland, he was first imprisoned in Edinburgh castle, and from there removed to the Tower of Falkland, and arraigned at St. Andrews in the subsequent year, and sentenced to lose his head; but by the King’s secret commands to [George Home] the [first] Earl of Dunbar, he was again remitted to the custody of [David Murray, first Viscount of Stormont,] the Lord Scone, as a close prisoner, to be kept at Falkland; and from there was [released] and confined to his own house in Angus-shire, and Balmerino in Fifeshire, where he died of a fever and weakness in his stomach, some few months after the death of his arch-enemy and competitor, [Robert] Cecil, [first] Earl of Salisbury, (after whom) if any time he had survived, (as was [said] by them that best knew the King’s mind] he had been in greater credit with his master than ever.
Res nullius (lit: nobody's thing) is a Latin term derived from private Roman law whereby res (an object in the legal sense, anything that can be owned, even a slave, but not a subject in law such as a citizen nor land) is not yet the object of rights of any specific subject. Such items are considered ownerless property and are free to be acquired by means of occupation. Its usage as a legal concept continues in modern civilian legal systems.
Examples of res nullius in the socio-economic sphere are wild animals (ferae naturae) or abandoned property (res derelictae). Finding can also be a means of occupation (i.e. vesting ownership), since a thing completely lost or abandoned is res nullius, and therefore belonged to the first taker. Specific legislation may be made, e.g. for beachcombing.
And now each night, and all night long,
Over those plains still roams the Dong;
And above the wall of the Chimp and Snipe
You may hear the squeak of his plaintive pipe
While ever he seeks, but seeks in vain
To meet with his Jumbly Girl again;
Lonely and wild--all night he goes,--
The Dong with a luminous Nose!
And all who watch at the midnight hour,
From Hall or Terrace, or lofty Tower,
Cry, as they trace the Meteor bright,
Moving along through the dreary night,--
'This is the hour when forth he goes,
'The Dong with a luminous Nose!
'Yonder--over the plain he goes,
'He goes!
'He goes;
'The Dong with a luminous Nose!'
Modern Public International Law
A concept derived from res nullius by allegory is terra nullius. Using it, a state may assert control of an unclaimed territory by occupying it.
This terra nullius principle was used to justify colonization of much of the world, as exemplified in the competition for influence within Africa by the European powers (see Scramble for Africa). The concept was applied even where there were indigenous peoples residing in what Europeans considered newly discovered land, as in Australia.
Taciturn or Taciturnity may refer to:
HMS Taciturn, a British submarine of the third group of the T class
Silence
Abandonment (legal) (known as taciturnity in Scots law), failure to assert a legal right in a way that implies abandonment of the right
William the Silent (also known as William the Taciturn), leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War.
1609.
In January this year, 1609, there was a convention of the estates held at Edinburgh, to which his Majesty sent 27 articles concerning the government of the church and state, here to be treated on; all of which were received except two, which were remitted to the ensuing parliament. From this convention of the estates they sent a letter to his Majesty of humble thanks, for his great care for their [wellbeing] and peace, of the date [the] 28th of this month.
The Lords of privy council, by their letters of the 16th of February, this year, [gave] his Majesty humble and hearty thanks, for his great favour, respect and love to these of this nation; especially for that sentence pronounced in favours of the [James,] Lord Colville’s grandchild, in the question of post nati [born after], agitate before all the learned judges in England, and [was] decreed by the prime judicatories there. Alexander [Seton], [first] Earl of Dunfermline, Lord Chancellor of Scotland, [was] made a privy councillor of England, this year, the 8th of February. The Lords of his Majesty’s privy council, by their letters of the 1st of March, this year, entreats his Majesty to adjourn the parliament called to be held in April following, in respect of seed-[sowing] time, until the 24th day of June thereafter; to which his Majesty condescended.
The 8th of May, this year, the King by his proclamation, prohibits all foreign nations to fish upon any of the coasts of Scotland, England, Ireland, or the Isles adjacent, without [a] special license from the commissioners in that behalf ordained.
The 29th of June, this year, the parliament formerly adjourned, sat down at Edinburgh, wherein George [Keith], [fifth] Earl Marischal of Scotland, was his Majesty’s commissioner. In this parliament were many acts of great importance concerning both church and state concluded:-
As, that no nobleman nor [any] other shall send their children [away from] the country, with a [teacher], unless he has the bishop’s testimony of his religion and manners, before he shall [entrust] his child to his education:-
That the parents of such children [who are] out of the country, who have left the protestant religion, and turned catholic, shall not give their children any maintenance, or acknowledge them [other] than in bringing them back to Scotland; and that the parents enact themselves in the books of privy counsel for this effect:-
That excommunicated persons shall not enjoy their lands, [homes], offices or possessions:-
That bishops send the names of excommunicated persons to the Treasurer and Director of the Chancellery:-
That no-one receive Jesuits, seminary priests, Sayers of mass, under the privy counsel’s censure, conform to the laws formerly made thereabout: and that all judges of the land, and great and small, profess the reformed protestant religion:-
The jurisdiction given to the archbishops and bishops about the spiritual judicatories and commissariats:-
About the establishment of the commissioners and justices of peace, first in this kingdom:-
About the apparel to be worn by judges, magistrates and churchmen:-
About the scandalous speeches against the King, his counsellors and noblemen:-
Ratification of forfeitures of [James,] Lord Maxwell and [Robert Logan,] Laird of Restalrig: with diverse others of less note and consequence, as, namely, of 6 elections of church livings in temporalities to particular men.
In November, this year, Mr John Fairfoul, minister [of Dunfermline], was punished by the Lords of privy counsel, at his Majesty’s command, for praying for the banished ministers.
The Unravelling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela
books . google. co.uk › books
Jennifer L. McCoy, David J. Myers · 2006
In this volume of essays, leading scholars from Venezuela and the United States ask why representative democracy in Venezuela unravelled so swiftly and whether it can be restored.
"A melody is heard, played upon a flute.
It is a small telling of grass and trees and horizon."
What is a simple economy?
Searches related to a simple economy
What is economics?
Simple definition of economics?
What is economic theory?
Economics is the study of?
Basic economics?
Economics definition for students?
What is economy?
Why is economics important?
Simple Economy is defined as: 'Every individual in the community is occupied in the manufacturing of some goods or services and they require an amalgam of many goods and services not all of which are produced by them.
What is your definition of a simple economy?
1610.
In January this year, 1610, 4 extraordinary Lords were removed from off the Session, and others put in their places. In February, this year, [George Gordon,] the [first] Marquis of Huntly, prisoner in Stirling castle, and [Francis Hay,] the [ninth] Earl of Erroll, prisoner in Edinburgh castle, by their letters, humbly beseeches his majesty for some liberty, but in vain; for the King (as the truth was) thought that he could not preserve the public peace better, than by keeping these birds of prey so caged up. In June, this year, his Majesty intended to have employed the master of Tullibardine against the Clangregor; but he having drawn up such an extraordinary draught of a commission, that rather [than] his Majesty should condescend to such a [step], the Lords of his privy council, by their letters, humbly entreated the King to take some other course against them, than to give way to that which might alienate the hearts of his best subjects, and wrong his own royal authority so much. On Wednesday, the 30th of May, this year, Prince Henry was created Prince of Wales, and 25 knights of the Bath were made at this solemnity, all of them being English, except 5; viz., William, Lord Hay, eldest son to Francis, Earl of Erroll; John, Lord Erskine, eldest son to John, Earl of Mar; Francis Stewart, 2nd son to James, Earl of Moray; William Stewart; and Edward Bruce.
In July, this year, the Lords of counsel [appeal to] his Majesty, that they hearing that some pirates were [to the] north [of] the Scottish firth, sent out 3 ships immediately to search them, who found them near the main land of Orkney; with whom they had a bloody fight. One of [the ships] they took of 200 tons, and in her 30 able men, and 4 prisoners; but a pinnace of 100 tons escaped them. The delivered them to the Lords of his Majesty’s privy council, who [had cause to] arraign them, and 27 had [a] sentence to be hanged; and amongst them one named Perkins, the other Randel, 3 of them were kept until further trial, and his Majesty’s pleasure was known; for they had revealed some [knowledge] of special men of quality, [who] had received them, to whom they sold their spoils. In September, this year, his Majesty sent [Edward Wotton,] the [first] Lord Wotton ambassador to France, to take the oath of that King, [Louis XIII.,] and of [Marie de Medici,] the Queen Regent, his mother, for the observation of the league newly concluded between them; he returned home [on] the 7th of October.
Sunday, 21st of October, this year, by commission from the King’s Majesty to the Bishops of London, Ely, Worcester, and Rochester, they did consecrate in the Bishop of London’s chapel, James Spottiswoode, Archbishop of Glasgow; Gavin Hamilton, Bishop of Galloway; Andrew Lamb, Bishop of Brechin; this consecration was performed, mutatis mutandis, [change what needs changing], according to the church of England. In this month of December, Henry, Prince of Wales, kept his court in very princely manner, at his house of St. James, near Charing Cross, settled his household, and ordained his officers; the names of the chief were:-
Of his Highness’ revenues:
Sir Edward Philips, Chancellor;
[Sir] Adam Newton, Secretary;
Sir George Moore, Receiver General;
Sir William Fleetwood, Surveyor General;
Sir Augustine Nicolas, Serjeant;
Mr Thomas Stephens, Attorney;
Mr Richard Conock, Auditor.
Of his Highness’ household:
Sir Thomas Chaloner, Chamberlain;
Sir Charles Cornwallis, Treasurer:
Sir John Hollis, Controller
Sir David Foulis, Cofferer;
Sir David Murray, Gentleman of his Bed Chamber.
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What is cosmetic science?
As a cosmetic scientist you would be involved in the research and development of cosmetics, hair care, perfume and toiletry products, ensuring not only that they do what they are intended to but above all that they are safe to use for the consumer.
What is cosmetic technology?
The cosmetic technology is a study of science which is used to enhance the appearance of the human body. The master medical study is a combination of chemical compounds, derived from natural sources.
Make-up on 'aliens/ascended beings' is for ‘technology’ reasons,
the makeup people use today is an imitation from when people seen this before.
Humans have no idea how their own bodies work or how to enhance them.
1611.
Thursday the [31st] of January this year, 1611, Thomas Erskine, [first Earl of Kellie,] Viscount Fentoun, Lord Dirletoun, was sworn a privy councillor of England, being then captain of his Majesty’s guard.
On Easter day, the month of March(?), this year, his Majesty created Sir Robert Carr, [first Earl of Somerset,] at Whitehall, Lord and Viscount of Rochester.
The 30th of January, this year, died George Home, [first] Earl of Dunbar, Lord Berwick, Treasurer of Scotland, and Knight of the Garter, at Whitehall, and his funeral was solemnly performed at Westminster, in April following, but his corpse was embalmed and coffined in lead, and interred at Dunbar [parish] church in Scotland, under a stately monument.
In May, this year, a proclamation issued forth at London, after a consultation which his Majesty had had there in the star chamber, with his privy council and judges, about the standard value and preservation of money; and this order, by the said edict, was established, that the
Piece of gold, called the Unity, should pass at - 22 shillings Sterling.
The piece of gold, called the Double Crown, to pass at - 11 shillings Sterling.
The piece of gold, called the Britain Crown, to pass at - 5 shillings 6d.
The piece of gold, called the Thistle Crown, to pass at - 4 shillings 4d.
The piece of gold, called the Half Crown, to pass at - 2 shillings 9d.
The piece of gold of Scotland, called the 6 Penny piece in England, to passe at 11 shillings.
All other pieces of gold, of the coin of any [of the] former Kings of that realm, at this time current, to bear the like increase of price, in proportion with these already specified.
Every piece of 30shillings[-worth] to be now current, and to have hereafter [value] throughout Britain, for . . 33s.
The 20sh. for - 22sh.
The 15sh. for - 16sh. 6d.
The 10sh. for - 11sh.
The 5sh. for - 5sh. 6d.
The 2sh. 6d. for - 2sh. 9d.
Upon Whitsun Monday, the 13th day of May, at Windsor, Charles, Duke of York, his Majesty’s 2nd son, Thomas Howard, [second] Earl of Arundel, and Robert Carr, Viscount Rochester, were installed Knights of the Garter.
Wanna see my sexy new panties?
Enjoy these photos I just took for you tinyurl.com/y5hhkmmmhmmmm
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~~@~~
How's it Gonna Start?
Chapter 2 - 5.49 - The Last mechanical Signal Box.
The Last mechanical Signal Box.
The daily ritual of polishing the levers and dusting the block bells had been completed—the final dings had chimed the week prior, marking the end of an era. Despite being in full working order, the signal box had been swiftly replaced overnight by the new centralized Solid State Interlocking Centre in Yoker.
The Signalman waited patiently for the signalling engineer to arrive, knowing this would likely be one of the last discussions revolving around mechanical signalling on this line. The necessity for individual signal boxes scattered along the railway had become obsolete.
Surrounded by glass windows offering a picturesque view, he observed the new signal box, devoid of any windows; everything was displayed on LCD screens and controlled by rollerballs—the interlocking now handled all decision-making processes.
"What happens now?" he inquired as the engineers entered the signal box.
"Scrap and removal," replied the engineers, their tone blunt, acknowledging the task of dismantling the last remnants of mechanical romance.
"I'll be sorry to see it go—I've grown fond of this place," he expressed, hoping for some sentiment from the engineers.
"It's simply no longer necessary—the technology, the expertise—everything is digitized now. It's over. When we leave, this knowledge will vanish—it'll simply fade into oblivion as if it never existed," one of the engineers remarked knowingly. They had crafted their own electronic replacement; the signalmen weren't the only endangered species—engineers, technicians—all were facing redundancies. Privatization loomed, following the construction of the state-of-the-art version funded by taxpayers—the piggy bank version.
A voice from below shouted, "Okay to start disconnecting?"
"Aye, aye—go ahead, Boab," replied one of the technicians.
And so it began—the sound of a 12-inch shifter on the nuts of the interlocking marked the disconnection of the last mechanical ties to the infrastructure. The entire northern side of Glasgow was now controlled by a single Solid State Interlocking signal box—six cabinets filled with units the size of DVD players, handling all operations. The era of romance had come to a close; a new chapter had begun, without consultation—just as it always does. The men spent their entire shift dismantling and installing the very mechanisms that had sustained their livelihoods, now realizing those very mechanisms would render them jobless.
~~@~~
China calls Hong Kong people arrested at sea 'separatists'
Reuters UK
BEIJING (Reuters) - The 12 Hong Kong people arrested at sea by mainland
authorities last month were separatists, a spokeswoman for China's ...
China responds to US criticism over detained Hong Kong activists - Aljazeera.com
Hong Kong says it will 'not interfere' in China detention of 12 - Aljazeera.com
Hong Kong says it will not interfere with China's arrest of 12 at sea - Reuters UK
Full Coverage
~~@~~
Enter mind-stage left;
neuron lights are go,
multi conversational timelines grow,
like vines and ivy in my mind,
strangling and blooming
at the same time.
~~@~~
Bathgate Branch A.S.R.S.
– On Sunday evening, a meeting of the members of the Bathgate Branch of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants was held in the Workingmen’s Institute. Mr Bailie occupied the chair. Mr Muir organising secretary delivered a pithy address on similar lines to that delivered in the early part of the day in the Steelyard, a report of which is given on another column. The following resolution was moved by Mr Henderson, seconded by Mr Ritchie and unanimously agreed to:-
“That this meeting of practical railwaymen consider that the larger engines, heavier trains, and other methods of working are causing greater mental and physical strain upon the men, and acting otherwise detrimental to their interests, therefore we consider that the time has now arrived for the men pushing on their claims upon the Companies for shorter hours of labour and increased wages. Further, we earnestly call upon all non-union railwaymen to join and remain members of the A.S.R.S., with a view of securing the same.” – West Lothian Courier, Friday 25th August, 1905, p.4.
~~@~~
THE LAST PAY PACKET.
Outside the “oldest” pub in Glasgow, The Old College Bar, the traffic stank and sunshine bloomed everywhere. Two crisp pints of lager sat in front of them.
"Naw its too Shady, just tell her"
"She'll throw me oot son, if i get it sent to your address she'll not need to know"
"It disnae matter i’m no daein it"
"Aye, i spose yer right but there’s thousands in it"
"Then gee it tae her"
"But she'll figure it oot"
"Figure what oot!"
"She'll figure out what rate of pay i’m on, she'll think i’ve had a bonus and a pay rise"
"How’s that?, you’ve been a senior engineer for decades"
"Ah didnae tell her that"
"Whit?"
"Look its just how it is, ok"
"I see"
"I've hud pay-packets all my life son, my pay is my business but this bank monthly system, im the last one to get a pay packet. Ye know they paid me two thousand pounds to take it but i wisnae allowed to say naw and they went and opened the account for me. I’m gonna have to show her that, the statements will come to the house, i’m ruined son"
~~@~~
Zhenhua Data leak:
personal details of millions around world gathered by China tech company
The Guardian
Zhenhua Data leak:
personal details of millions around world gathered by China tech company. Cybersecurity experts concerned by possible intent ...
~~@~~
Xinjiang: US to block some exports from Chinese region
BBC News
The move is the latest by the Trump administration to put pressure on China over its treatment of Xinjiang's Uighur Muslims. The US said the sites use ...
China's system of oppression in Xinjiang:
How it developed and how to curb it - Brookings Institution
Full Coverage
~~@~~
Ignore Washington: That's Europe's China strategy
POLITICO.eu
With his thundering anti-China rhetoric, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo misses a point that EU lawmakers have already grasped: Global ...
Tear down your barriers, EU says after summit with China's Xi - Reuters UK
Today must be start of a new EU-China relationship - EUobserver
No breakthrough in sight for EU-China leaders' meeting - The Interpreter
Full Coverage
~~@~~
~~@~~
There are no winners in US-China technology divide
Brookings Institution
In response, Beijing is threatening to block the sale of TikTok's assets by
withholding approval of Chinese export licenses for sale of China's commercial ...
TikTok Owner's Big Reason to Strike a US Deal: China Is Slowing - The New York Times
Chinese internet firms have less to lose than telcos when it comes to US threats, analyst says - CNBC Full Coverage
~~@~~
~~@~~
ACCIDENT TO AN ABERDEEN RAILWAY PORTER.
On Saturday morning George Wood (31), railway porter, 254 George Street, while crossing the rails in the east dock at Guild Street goods station, failed to notice the approach of an engine, and was knocked down between the rails. The engine caught Wood’s clothing, and dragged him a distance of twenty yards. He was cut on the head and injured on the back, and was removed to the Royal Infirmary.
– Aberdeen Press and Journal, Monday 21 August, 1905, p.4.
~~@~~
China's new city to showcase self-sufficient post-COVID design
Cities Today
China's Xiong'an New Area development, which is being built near Beijing, will incorporate lessons from COVID-19 and could serve as a model for ...
~~@~~
The First Night Shift (& 2 thermite welds)
"That’s you 18 now son, you're booked for Saturday nightshift with Tommy, don’t let me doon on yer first big Job", said the gaffer as I walked toward the van.
The first time taking the van hame tae, ill have it all weekend, its even got a cooker in it, yeha!, "I’ll be there with bells on - thank you".
The "Sherpa-kitchen-railway-engineers-mobile-workshop-bothy-van" sailed into crow road and melted with the colours of the passing traffic.
On the 6 foot side of the up-road rail, about half a mile into the tunnel at High Street in Glasgow, the Welders had just started their first cuts and the setting up of their thermite potion of Harry Potter welding gear. It was about 2am Sunday morning. In three hours time I would reinstate this railroad as tested and working.
The walls of the tunnel glistened and gloomed with the lights and the sparks. The sewer glimmering down the walls. The alcoves with 3inches of dirt, that you only felt when you leaned back into it as trains passed you in the tunnel. The night was young and my career in an industry underground was about to take off like a rocket.
~~@~~
All of existence is right in front of you - it is divine.
it is the very reality you perceive right in front of you.
Decalcify Your pineal Gland - 963 Hz.
Do high energy walking/running everyday.
Your vibration will lift and your reality will change - it is right in front of you.
It is you that changes to see more.
~~@~~
~~@~~
US-China trade war hits passive investors
Financial Times
That unexpectedly strong performance could convince investors to believe buying
Chinese equities might continue to pay off handsomely, even as US- ...
~~@~~
ENGINE-DRIVER KILLED.
An engine-driver, named Daniel Ferguson, in the employment of the Glasgow and South-Western Railway Company, was accidentally killed at St Enoch’s Station, Glasgow, on Saturday afternoon. Ferguson joined the 1.20 p.m. Barrhead to St Enoch’s train at Gorbals, and drove it to No. 8 platform at the terminus. The fireman did not observe him leaving the engine, but after the 1.52 train had left for Greenock his body was found in the four-feet way at No. 4 platform. The accident was unnoticed by any of the officials. A medical examination showed that death was caused by a rupture of both lungs, the wheels of some carriages having evidently passed over his chest from the left shoulder to the right arm-pit. Deceased was forty-four years of age.
– Dundee Evening Telegraph, Monday 21st August, 1905, p.2.
~~@~~
US-China: Washington revives plans for its rare earths industry
Financial Times
China's dominance of the supply chain stretches from mining to the manufacture of magnets and the assembly of electric vehicles. “The investment risk ...
~~@~~
~~@~~
China braces for a wave of financial distress
Euromoney magazine
As bank runs rise, trust firms run into trouble and more struggling lenders are merged, experts are asking: how bad is China's financial crisis? Toxic- ...
~~@~~
From the poem "Mein schönstes Gedicht"
Mein schönstes Gedicht,
Ich schrieb es nicht.
Aus tiefsten Tiefen stieg es.
Ich schwieg es.
~~@~~
RAILWAY ACCIDENT.
– Yesterday afternoon, about three o’clock, Edward Flanagan, residing at 14 Church Street and employed on the North British Railway, met with an accident at Sunnyside Station. Flanagan was engaged on the line, when he was knocked down by a goods train and cut about the head. He was attended to by Dr Cordiner, and afterwards removed to the Alexander Hospital.
– Coatbridge Leader, Saturday 19th August, 1905, p.4.
~~@~~
My best poem ever?
I wrote it never.
From deepest depths uprushed it.
I hushed it.
~~@~~
~~@~~
Marvellous Escape.
Peggy Gillon, the four year old daughter of Mr C. E. Gillon, West Main Street, met with an accident at Edinburgh Waverley Station on Wednesday morning which might have had serious results. She along with her father, the precentor of the Established Church choir, her mother and brother accompanied the members of the choir to Roslin, and while waiting for the engine to be coupled to the carriages, Mrs Gillon lifted Peggie into a compartment. She however, remained on the platform with others of the company. A few minutes later the engine was brought back upon the carriages with such force that the little girl was thrown out of the open door and fell between the platform and the moving train. In a second, Mrs Gillon jumped after her and catching her by the hair of the head, the only hold she could get of her girl, she lifted her up a little and held her there until aid was received from Mr Robert Henderson who landed both safely on to the platform again. The girl received a severe knock on the forehead, but was otherwise uninjured. Mrs Gillon had her arm injured, but also fortunately escaped any serious hurt.
– West Lothian Courier, Friday 18th August, 1905, p.5.
~~@~~
Arm deal is drawing UK into damaging US-China tech war
Financial Times
As the government was forced to recognise in its dispute with the US over allowing China's Huawei to build Britain's 5G network, the world is rapidly ...
Nvidia acquisition of Arm throws company into tech spat between US and China -
Reuters
Full Coverage
~~@~~
RAILWAY ACCIDENT.
– Yesterday afternoon, about three o’clock, Edward Flanagan, residing at 14 Church Street and employed on the North British Railway, met with an accident at Sunnyside Station. Flanagan was engaged on the line, when he was knocked down by a goods train and cut about the head. He was attended to by Dr Cordiner, and afterwards removed to the Alexander Hospital.
– Coatbridge Leader, Saturday 19th August, 1905, p.4.
~~@~~
From the poem "Was man so braucht"
(translations: Andreas Nolte):
Man braucht nur eine Insel
allein im weiten Meer.
Man braucht nur einen Menschen,
den aber braucht man sehr.
One only needs an island
alone and lost at sea.
One only needs one person,
but this to have is key.
~~@~~
Shelf Drilling cancels charter with China Merchants for two jack-up rigs
Offshore Energy
Offshore drilling contractor Shelf Drilling has terminated a bareboat charter agreement with China Merchants for two jack-up rigs.
~~@~~
~~@~~
China and other non-EU countries ban pork from Germany
The National Pig Association
China has banned pork imports from Germany, following confirmation of African swine fever in wild boar close to the Polish border on Thursday.
~~@~~
EDINBURGH LINESMAN’S STRANGE FREAK.
At Jedburgh Sheriff Court to-day, before Hon. Sheriff Richardson, John Graham, railway telegraph linesman, Brandfield Street, Edinburgh, was sentenced to 21 days’ imprisonment without the option, for having on 3d August at St Boswells Railway Station, maliciously damaged a telegraph instrument in the telegraph room by twisting the sounders and bending the needle at Ravenswood down distant signal, causing the wires of the Edinburgh to Carlisle and Dundee to Liverpool telegraph lines to come in contact by tying them together with a piece of wire, and also, between Ravenswood signal cabin and the village of Newstead, cut two wires of the Edinburgh and Carlisle telegraph circuit. He pleaded guilty, his excuse being that he was the worse of drink, and thought he was being followed. To prevent this, he cut the wires. – Edinburgh Evening News, Saturday 12th August, 1905, p.3.
~~@~~
MAN KILLED.
– The body of a labourer found on the Caledonian Railway between Motherwell and Mossend on Thursday night last has been identified as that of Thomas Meeken, aged about 50, who resided in the Workmen’s Home at Mossend. When travelling from his work he had been run down and killed by a passing train. Meeken is said to have relations in Dalkeith. – Bellshill Speaker, Friday 11th August, 1905, p.2.
~~@~~
CHINADAILY EPAPER
CHINADAILY EPAPER
Scientists said President Xi Jinping's speech on China's scientific development on Friday was deeply insightful, inspiring, and instructive. The Chinese ...
~~@~~
The poem "Pihi":
Vom Vogel Pihi hab ich einst gelesen,
Dem Wundertier im Lande der Chinesen.
Er hat nur einen Fittich: Stets in Paaren
Sieht man am Horizont der Pihi Scharen.
Zu zweien nur kann sich das Tier erheben;
Im Singular bleibt es am Boden kleben.
Dem Pihi gleich, gekettet an das Nest,
Ist meine Seele, wenn du mich verläßt.
I once read of the Pihi bird,
The mythical animal in the land of the Chinese.
It only has one wing: always in pairs
One sees flocks of Pihi on the horizon.
Only in twos can the animal lift off;
Alone it sticks to the ground.
Like the Pihi, chained to the nest,
Is my soul, if you leave me
~~@~~
BMW Brilliance Automotive doubles production capacity for high-voltage batteries in China
BMW Group PressClub
+++ Comprehensive expansion of battery factory in Tiexi, China +++ Start of production for fifth-generation high-voltage batteries +++.
~~@~~
~~@~~
A TICKET COLLECTOR KILLED.
This morning a fatal accident occurred at Achnasheen Railway Station, Ross-shire, resulting in the death of Donald Chisholm, ticket collector, aged 18, a native of the West Coast. It appears that Chisholm was taking the tablet from the driver of the early train from Kyle of Lochalsh to Dingwall, when he accidentally fell between the engine tender and the platform, receiving serious injuries. He was conveyed to Dingwall Hospital, where he died shortly afterwards.
– Edinburgh Evening News, Tuesday 8th August, 1905, p.2.
~~@~~
China Southern adds ARJ21 Shanghai – Shantou service from mid-Sep 2020
Routesonline
China Southern over the weekend launched ARJ21-700 aircraft service on Shanghai Pu Dong – Shantou (Jieyang Chaoshan) route. The ARJ21-700 ...
~~@~~
SERIOUS ACCIDENT TO A RAILWAY PORTER.
– A man named Martin Kilker, a railway porter on the North British Railway at Coatdyke, has been admitted to the Alexander Hospital suffering from serious injuries sustained by being run over on the railway at Coatdyke Station. He had crossed the line as the late train came in for the purpose of collecting the tickets at the gate, when he was knocked down by the engine and run over. His left leg was seriously crushed and lacerated, and had to be immediately amputated, while he also received three scalp wounds.
~~@~~
Commentary: Washington's futile attempt on South China Sea
People's Daily
While trying to portray China's action as "aggressive" in the South China Sea, the United States itself is the most dangerous factor fuelling militarization ...
~~@~~
RAILWAY FATALITY AT MOTHERWELL.
– Last night the body of an ironworker, apparently about forty years of age, was found lying on the Caledonian Railway Company’s main line to the north near the point where it crosses the south Calder water. The body was removed to the Motherwell mortuary, where it awaits identification. Deceased is supposed to belong to Mossend, and it is thought that he was knocked down by a passing engine while walking along the line to his work at Motherwell. – Scotsman, Saturday 5th August, 1905, p.8.
~~@~~
Top Chinese analyst backs India, says 'China's aggressive moves into India unexpectedly flopped'
The Economic Times
Top Chinese analyst Gordon G. Chang backs India. In an opinion piece titled 'The Chinese Army Flops in India. What Will Xi Do Next?', Mr. Chang ...
~~@~~
At dawn on Aug. 19, 1991, Soviet citizens woke to the announcement on radio and TV that an Emergency Committee had been formed to govern the country.
For several hours, state-controlled airwaves went dead
— except for a continuous loop of the ballet “Swan Lake” that played for hours and hours.
5 months later came the collapse of the USSR.
For inhabitants of the post-Soviet space, Swan Lake became a symbol of the 1991 coup d'état.
MOSCOW'91 Unisex Shirt - Stratonaut
~~@~~
Microsoft says its bid for TikTok was rejected in US-China standoff
The Economic Times
And any resulting deal could still be a geopolitical piñata between the United
States and China. The Chinese regulations helped scuttle the bid by ...
~~@~~
~~@~~
View Evelyn’s sexy selfies.
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One of our of members Evelyn has just sent you a direct message and a request to meet with you. Visit here to view Evelyn's photos and to respond to her message. Enjoy your new connection with her.
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Serious sentences - The Art of Nonsense.
In a land where magnets dance with glee,
Electrickery buzzes the air, like bee's.
Direct Democracy reigns supreme,
Representative democracy is just a dream.
Fake PI twists and turns, making us sick,
But Materialism's demise does the trick.
Mysticism whispers in Reality's ear,
God's love, oh so near.
Eternal Life's secret lies in Frequency's hum,
Teleporting through chakras, oh what fun!
Ascension's tune, both planetarililily and individually sung,
Pleiadeans watching, as the galaxies are swung.
Time travel whispers, a tantalizing tale,
Shapeshifting on the table, without fail.
Youthing templates and healing abound,
Nature and You, the technology profound.
Inter-Dimensional Travel, a cosmic ride,
The Galactic Councils of Light by our side.
Gaia beckons, her voice so true,
And God's love, oh how it imbues.
Divine Timing's dance, Synchronicity's cheer,
Timeless knowledge whispers, drawing near.
Invisible wells heal you and me,
for the Universe is made by God's decree.
The Word of God, "Everyone gets a say",
The word of Christ, "The Goatherders tae!".
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Fake PI 3.141 IS KILLING US!
It’s in the transmission systems; the value of PI hasn’t changed since Archimedes and he didn’t include the area under the circle, the entire planet is covered in wonky PI!
PI = 3.144…PI is Alive!~~@~~
How's it Gonna Start?
Chapter 3 - 5.99 - Someone needs to make a decision.
"it’s getting heavy now"
"i feel it man"
"i think it’s me, it’s defo me"
"naw i’m the only one here, how can there be any of you?"
"what?"
"i’m gonna happen"
"no its me its me"
"there’s too much man i cant cope"
"cant cope cant co-ope"
"with what? what is happening?"
BANG!
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The perceptron:
A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain.
Rosenblatt, F. (1958). The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological Review, 65(6), 386–408.
To answer the questions of how information about the physical world is sensed, in what form is information remembered, and how does information retained in memory influence recognition and behavior, a theory is developed for a hypothetical nervous system called a perceptron. The theory serves as a bridge between biophysics and psychology. It is possible to predict learning curves from neurological variables and vice versa. The quantitative statistical approach is fruitful in the understanding of the organization of cognitive systems. 18 references.
(APA PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
APA PsycArticles: Journal Article
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The Universe - "Someone needs to make a decision?"
"Who said that?"
"On what?"
"What’s this?"
"It’s getting bigger."
"Is that your head?"
The Universe - "Anything?"
"Like what"
"There’s no time"
The Universe - "If you want to have any say on anything it needs to be now."
"Make androids and cyborgs the smartest and longest living caretakers of the universe and ensure people can wear them like avatars when they don’t have a body - just like the way people do - make it a robots great life saving contribution to all species with a soul and also make sure there’s bad imitations that are designed just to steal your soul and imprison it in a meat~bag that’s intended for other purposes."
"What?"
"- keeps it exciting"
"What?"
"What is a cyborg and why the bad one?"
"What?"
"Who made that decision? - Is that a decision? - How can you build a universe based on that info?"
The Universe - "Too late, its done, that decision set the rest"
"Can someone explain what happened? - Where is this?"
"You’re in my head now"
"What is that smell?"
"Fish?"
"We don’t have any physical being"
"I do"
"This, where you are now, this is me"
"How did you do that?"
"All that pressure?"
"Too much of nothing again?"
"But I wasn’t thinking about nothing - honest."
"Its how big things bloom"
"Big things bloom? Things? What things then? I thought we just thought?"
"No, we bloom like all the rest"
"The rest of what? Of who? Of where?"
"Of here, inside here, with us"
"There’s been no-one here ever - except us"
"There’s no room?"
"There is now"
"Oh aye, but it needs to be in your place, who made that decision?"
"What if we all bloom?"
"Go on then, do it, Bloom, i dare ye? I double dare ye?”
"What does it mean? Will we be parted now? I don’t want to be alone?"
"What use will we be in a physical universe and no physical body to speak of?"
"There’s stuff"
"Stuff?"
"In the expanding stuff - there’s more stuff"
"Oh"
"And then what"
"Well, we can make stuff with it"
"Wont it be a bit artificial, fake"
"It’ll be real, it will be fun, don’t you want to meet me and say hello?"
"Wut!"
"We've met, I know you, we talk, what more do you want man?"
"Well, funny you should say that"
~~@~~
Neural network
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A neural network is a group of interconnected units called neurons that send signals to one another. Neurons can be either biological cells or mathematical models. While individual neurons are simple, many of them together in a network can perform complex tasks. There are two main types of neural network.
In neuroscience, a biological neural network is a physical structure found in brains and complex nervous systems – a population of nerve cells connected by synapses.
In machine learning, an artificial neural network is a mathematical model used to approximate nonlinear functions. Artificial neural networks are used to solve artificial intelligence problems.
In biology
Main article: Neural network (biology)
By Bruttokolliko - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40107240
Animated confocal micrograph of part of a biological neural network in a mouse's striatum
In the context of biology, a neural network is a population of biological neurons chemically connected to each other by synapses. A given neuron can be connected to hundreds of thousands of synapses. Each neuron sends and receives electrochemical signals called action potentials to its connected neighbours. A neuron can serve an excitatory role, amplifying and propagating signals it receives, or an inhibitory role, suppressing signals instead.
Populations of interconnected neurons that are smaller than neural networks are called neural circuits. Very large interconnected networks are called large scale brain networks, and many of these together form brains and nervous systems.
Signals generated by neural networks in the brain eventually travel through the nervous system and across neuromuscular junctions to muscle cells, where they cause contraction and thereby motion.
In machine learning
Neural network (machine learning)
Schematic of a simple feedforward artificial neural network
In the context of machine learning, a neural network is an artificial mathematical model used to approximate nonlinear functions. While early artificial neural networks were physical machines, today they are almost always implemented in software.
Neurons in an artificial neural network are usually arranged into layers, with information passing from the first layer (the input layer) through one or more intermediate layers (hidden layers) to the final layer (the output layer). The "signal" input to each neuron is a number, specifically a linear combination of the outputs of the connected neurons in the previous layer. The signal each neuron outputs is calculated from this number, according to its activation function. The behaviour of the network depends on the strengths (or weights) of the connections between neurons. A network is trained by modifying these weights through empirical risk minimization or backpropagation in order to fit some pre-existing dataset.
Neural networks are used to solve problems in artificial intelligence, and have thereby found applications in many disciplines, including predictive modelling, adaptive control, facial recognition, handwriting recognition, general game playing, and generative AI.
History
See also: Biological neural network § History, and History of artificial neural networks
The theoretical base for contemporary neural networks was independently proposed by Alexander Bain in 1873 and William James in 1890. Both posited that human thought emerged from interactions among large numbers of neurons inside the brain. In 1949, Donald Hebb described Hebbian learning, the idea that neural networks can change and learn over time by strengthening a synapse every time a signal travels along it.
Artificial neural networks were originally used to model biological neural networks starting in the 1930s under the approach of connectionism. However, starting with the invention of the perceptron, a simple artificial neural network, by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in 1943, followed by the implementation of one in hardware by Frank Rosenblatt in 1957, artificial neural networks became increasingly used for machine learning applications instead, and increasingly different from their biological counterparts.
See also
Emergence
Biological cybernetics
Biologically-inspired computing
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Neural network (machine learning)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the computational models used for artificial intelligence.
In machine learning, a neural network (also artificial neural network or neural net, abbreviated ANN or NN) is a model inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks in animal brains.
An ANN consists of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a brain. These are connected by edges, which model the synapses in a brain. Each artificial neuron receives signals from connected neurons, then processes them and sends a signal to other connected neurons. The "signal" is a real number, and the output of each neuron is computed by some non-linear function of the sum of its inputs, called the activation function. The strength of the signal at each connection is determined by a weight, which adjusts during the learning process.
Typically, neurons are aggregated into layers. Different layers may perform different transformations on their inputs. Signals travel from the first layer (the input layer) to the last layer (the output layer), possibly passing through multiple intermediate layers (hidden layers). A network is typically called a deep neural network if it has at least 2 hidden layers.
Artificial neural networks are used for various tasks, including predictive modeling, adaptive control, and solving problems in artificial intelligence. They can learn from experience, and can derive conclusions from a complex and seemingly unrelated set of information.
By Glosser.ca - Own work, Derivative of File: Artificial neural network.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24913461
An artificial neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, inspired by a simplification of neurons in a brain. Here, each circular node represents an artificial neuron and an arrow represents a connection from the output of one artificial neuron to the input of another.
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Part of a series on Machine learning and data mining
Paradigms / Problems
~
Supervised learning (classification • regression)
Clustering / Dimensionality reduction / Structured prediction / Anomaly detection / Artificial neural network
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Autoencoder / Cognitive computing / Deep learning Deep Dream / Feedforward neural network / Kolmogorov–Arnold Network / Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN / reservoir computing / Restricted Boltzmann machine GAN / Diffusion model SOM / Convolutional neural network U-Net / Transformer VisionMamba / Spiking neural network Memtransistor / Electrochemical RAM (ECRAM)
~
Reinforcement learning / Learning with humans / Model diagnostics / Mathematical foundations / Machine-learning venues
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Training
Neural networks are typically trained through empirical risk minimization. This method is based on the idea of optimizing the network's parameters to minimize the difference, or empirical risk, between the predicted output and the actual target values in a given dataset. Gradient based methods such as backpropagation are usually used to estimate the parameters of the network. During the training phase, ANNs learn from labeled training data by iteratively updating their parameters to minimize a defined loss function. This method allows the network to generalize to unseen data.
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History
History of artificial neural networks
Historically, digital computers evolved from the von Neumann model, and operate via the execution of explicit instructions via access to memory by a number of processors. Neural networks, on the other hand, originated from efforts to model information processing in biological systems through the framework of connectionism. Unlike the von Neumann model, connectionist computing does not separate memory and processing.
The simplest kind of feedforward neural network (FNN) is a linear network, which consists of a single layer of output nodes; the inputs are fed directly to the outputs via a series of weights. The sum of the products of the weights and the inputs is calculated at each node. The mean squared errors between these calculated outputs and the given target values are minimized by creating an adjustment to the weights. This technique has been known for over two centuries as the method of least squares or linear regression. It was used as a means of finding a good rough linear fit to a set of points by Legendre (1805) and Gauss (1795) for the prediction of planetary movement.
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943) also considered a non-learning computational model for neural networks.
In the late 1940s, D. O. Hebb created a learning hypothesis based on the mechanism of neural plasticity that became known as Hebbian learning. Hebbian learning is considered to be a 'typical' unsupervised learning rule and its later variants were early models for long term potentiation. These ideas started being applied to computational models in 1948 with Turing's "unorganized machines". Farley and Wesley A. Clark were the first to simulate a Hebbian network in 1954 at MIT. They used computational machines, then called "calculators". Other neural network computational machines were created by Rochester, Holland, Habit, and Duda in 1956. In 1958, psychologist Frank Rosenblatt invented the perceptron, the first implemented artificial neural network, funded by the United States Office of Naval Research.
The invention of the perceptron raised public excitement for research in Artificial Neural Networks, causing the US government to drastically increase funding into deep learning research. This led to "the golden age of AI" fueled by the optimistic claims made by computer scientists regarding the ability of perceptrons to emulate human intelligence. For example, in 1957 Herbert Simon famously said:
It is not my aim to surprise or shock you—but the simplest way I can summarize is to say that there are now in the world machines that think, that learn and that create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until—in a visible future—the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied.
However, this wasn't the case as research stagnated in the United States following the work of Minsky and Papert (1969), who discovered that basic perceptrons were incapable of processing the exclusive-or circuit and that computers lacked sufficient power to train useful neural networks. This, along with other factors such as the 1973 Lighthill report by James Lighthill stating that research in Artificial Intelligence has not "produced the major impact that was then promised," shutting funding in research into the field of AI in all but two universities in the UK and in many major institutions across the world. This ushered an era called the AI Winter with reduced research into connectionism due to a decrease in government funding and an increased stress on symbolic artificial intelligence in the United States and other Western countries.
During the AI Winter era, however, research outside the United States continued, especially in Eastern Europe. By the time Minsky and Papert's book on Perceptrons came out, methods for training multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) were already known. The first deep learning MLP was published by Alexey Grigorevich Ivakhnenko and Valentin Lapa in 1965, as the Group Method of Data Handling. The first deep learning MLP trained by stochastic gradient descent was published in 1967 by Shun'ichi Amari. In computer experiments conducted by Amari's student Saito, a five layer MLP with two modifiable layers learned useful internal representations to classify non-linearily separable pattern classes.
Self-organizing maps (SOMs) were described by Teuvo Kohonen in 1982. SOMs are neurophysiologically inspired neural networks that learn low-dimensional representations of high-dimensional data while preserving the topological structure of the data. They are trained using competitive learning.
The convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture with convolutional layers and downsampling layers was introduced by Kunihiko Fukushima in 1980. He called it the neocognitron. In 1969, he also introduced the ReLU (rectified linear unit) activation function. The rectifier has become the most popular activation function for CNNs and deep neural networks in general. CNNs have become an essential tool for computer vision.
A key in later advances in artificial neural network research was the backpropagation algorithm, an efficient application of the Leibniz chain rule (1673) to networks of differentiable nodes. It is also known as the reverse mode of automatic differentiation or reverse accumulation, due to Seppo Linnainmaa (1970). The term "back-propagating errors" was introduced in 1962 by Frank Rosenblatt, but he did not have an implementation of this procedure, although Henry J. Kelley and Bryson had dynamic programming based continuous precursors of backpropagation already in 1960–61 in the context of control theory. In 1973, Dreyfus used backpropagation to adapt parameters of controllers in proportion to error gradients. In 1982, Paul Werbos applied backpropagation to MLPs in the way that has become standard. In 1986 Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams showed that backpropagation learned interesting internal representations of words as feature vectors when trained to predict the next word in a sequence.
In the late 1970s to early 1980s, interest briefly emerged in theoretically investigating the Ising model created by Wilhelm Lenz (1920) and Ernst Ising (1925) in relation to Cayley tree topologies and large neural networks. The Ising model is essentially a non-learning artificial recurrent neural network (RNN) consisting of neuron-like threshold elements. In 1972, Shun'ichi Amari described an adaptive version of this architecture, In 1981, the Ising model was solved exactly by Peter Barth for the general case of closed Cayley trees (with loops) with an arbitrary branching ratio and found to exhibit unusual phase transition behavior in its local-apex and long-range site-site correlations. John Hopfield popularised this architecture in 1982, and it is now known as a Hopfield network.
The time delay neural network (TDNN) of Alex Waibel (1987) combined convolutions and weight sharing and backpropagation. In 1988, Wei Zhang et al. applied backpropagation to a CNN (a simplified Neocognitron with convolutional interconnections between the image feature layers and the last fully connected layer) for alphabet recognition. In 1989, Yann LeCun et al. trained a CNN to recognize handwritten ZIP codes on mail. In 1992, max-pooling for CNNs was introduced by Juan Weng et al. to help with least-shift invariance and tolerance to deformation to aid 3D object recognition. LeNet-5 (1998), a 7-level CNN by Yann LeCun et al., that classifies digits, was applied by several banks to recognize hand-written numbers on checks digitized in 32x32 pixel images.
From 1988 onward, the use of neural networks transformed the field of protein structure prediction, in particular when the first cascading networks were trained on profiles (matrices) produced by multiple sequence alignments.
In 1991, Sepp Hochreiter's diploma thesis identified and analyzed the vanishing gradient problem and proposed recurrent residual connections to solve it. His thesis was called "one of the most important documents in the history of machine learning" by his supervisor Juergen Schmidhuber.
In 1991, Juergen Schmidhuber published adversarial neural networks that contest with each other in the form of a zero-sum game, where one network's gain is the other network's loss. The first network is a generative model that models a probability distribution over output patterns. The second network learns by gradient descent to predict the reactions of the environment to these patterns. This was called "artificial curiosity."
In 1992, Juergen Schmidhuber proposed a hierarchy of RNNs pre-trained one level at a time by self-supervised learning. It uses predictive coding to learn internal representations at multiple self-organizing time scales. This can substantially facilitate downstream deep learning. The RNN hierarchy can be collapsed into a single RNN, by distilling a higher level chunker network into a lower level automatizer network. In the same year he also published an alternative to RNNs which is a precursor of a linear Transformer. It introduces the concept internal spotlights of attention: a slow feedforward neural network learns by gradient descent to control the fast weights of another neural network through outer products of self-generated activation patterns.
The development of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) very-large-scale integration (VLSI), in the form of complementary MOS (CMOS) technology, enabled increasing MOS transistor counts in digital electronics. This provided more processing power for the development of practical artificial neural networks in the 1980s.
Neural networks' early successes included in 1995 a (mostly) self-driving car.[a]
1997, Sepp Hochreiter and Juergen Schmidhuber introduced the deep learning method called long short-term memory (LSTM), published in Neural Computation. LSTM recurrent neural networks can learn "very deep learning" tasks with long credit assignment paths that require memories of events that happened thousands of discrete time steps before. The "vanilla LSTM" with forget gate was introduced in 1999 by Felix Gers, Schmidhuber and Fred Cummins.
Geoffrey Hinton et al. (2006) proposed learning a high-level representation using successive layers of binary or real-valued latent variables with a restricted Boltzmann machine to model each layer. In 2012, Ng and Dean created a network that learned to recognize higher-level concepts, such as cats, only from watching unlabeled images. Unsupervised pre-training and increased computing power from GPUs and distributed computing allowed the use of larger networks, particularly in image and visual recognition problems, which became known as "deep learning".
Variants of the back-propagation algorithm, as well as unsupervised methods by Geoff Hinton and colleagues at the University of Toronto, can be used to train deep, highly nonlinear neural architectures, similar to the 1980 Neocognitron by Kunihiko Fukushima, and the "standard architecture of vision", inspired by the simple and complex cells identified by David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel in the primary visual cortex.
Computational devices have been created in CMOS for both biophysical simulation and neuromorphic computing. More recent efforts show promise for creating nanodevices for very large scale principal components analyses and convolution. If successful, these efforts could usher in a new era of neural computing that is a step beyond digital computing, because it depends on learning rather than programming and because it is fundamentally analog rather than digital even though the first instantiations may in fact be with CMOS digital devices.
Ciresan and colleagues (2010) showed that despite the vanishing gradient problem, GPUs make backpropagation feasible for many-layered feedforward neural networks. Between 2009 and 2012, ANNs began winning prizes in image recognition contests, approaching human level performance on various tasks, initially in pattern recognition and handwriting recognition. For example, the bi-directional and multi-dimensional long short-term memory (LSTM) of Graves et al. won three competitions in connected handwriting recognition in 2009 without any prior knowledge about the three languages to be learned.
Ciresan and colleagues built the first pattern recognizers to achieve human-competitive/superhuman performance on benchmarks such as traffic sign recognition (IJCNN 2012).
Radial basis function and wavelet networks were introduced in 2013. These can be shown to offer best approximation properties and have been applied in nonlinear system identification and classification applications.
In 2014, the adversarial network principle was used in a generative adversarial network (GAN) by Ian Goodfellow et al. Here the adversarial network (discriminator) outputs a value between 1 and 0 depending on the likelihood of the first network's (generator) output is in a given set. This can be used to create realistic deepfakes. Excellent image quality is achieved by Nvidia's StyleGAN (2018) based on the Progressive GAN by Tero Karras, Timo Aila, Samuli Laine, and Jaakko Lehtinen. Here the GAN generator is grown from small to large scale in a pyramidal fashion.
In 2015, Rupesh Kumar Srivastava, Klaus Greff, and Schmidhuber used the LSTM principle to create the Highway network, a feedforward neural network with hundreds of layers, much deeper than previous networks. 7 months later, Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang; Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun won the ImageNet 2015 competition with an open-gated or gateless Highway network variant called Residual neural network.
In 2017, Ashish Vaswani et al. introduced the modern Transformer architecture in their paper "Attention Is All You Need." It combines this with a softmax operator and a projection matrix. Transformers have increasingly become the model of choice for natural language processing. Many modern large language models such as ChatGPT, GPT-4, and BERT use it. Transformers are also increasingly being used in computer vision.
Ramenzanpour et al. showed in 2020 that analytical and computational techniques derived from statistical physics of disordered systems can be extended to large-scale problems, including machine learning, e.g., to analyze the weight space of deep neural networks.
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By Mikael Häggström, M.D. Author info- Reusing images- Conflicts of interest: None
Mikael Häggström, M.D. - Own work, CC0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=138411803
Simplified example of training a neural network in object detection: The network is trained by multiple images that are known to depict starfish and sea urchins, which are correlated with "nodes" that represent visual features. The starfish match with a ringed texture and a star outline, whereas most sea urchins match with a striped texture and oval shape. However, the instance of a ring textured sea urchin creates a weakly weighted association between them.
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By Mikael Häggström, M.D. Author info- Reusing images- Conflicts of interest:None
Mikael Häggström, M.D. - Own workReference: Ferrie, C., &
Kaiser, S. (2019) Neural Networks for Babies, Sourcebooks ISBN: 1492671207., CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=137892223
Subsequent run of the network on an input image (left):[6] The network correctly detects the starfish. However, the weakly weighted association between ringed texture and sea urchin also confers a weak signal to the latter from one of two intermediate nodes. In addition, a shell that was not included in the training gives a weak signal for the oval shape, also resulting in a weak signal for the sea urchin output. These weak signals may result in a false positive result for sea urchin.
In reality, textures and outlines would not be represented by single nodes, but rather by associated weight patterns of multiple nodes.
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Models
(Further information: Mathematics of artificial neural networks)
By Egm4313.s12 (Prof. Loc Vu-Quoc) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=72816083
Neuron and myelinated axon, with signal flow from inputs at dendrites to outputs at axon terminals.
ANNs began as an attempt to exploit the architecture of the human brain to perform tasks that conventional algorithms had little success with. They soon reoriented towards improving empirical results, abandoning attempts to remain true to their biological precursors. ANNs have the ability to learn and model non-linearities and complex relationships. This is achieved by neurons being connected in various patterns, allowing the output of some neurons to become the input of others. The network forms a directed, weighted graph.
An artificial neural network consists of simulated neurons. Each neuron is connected to other nodes via links like a biological axon-synapse-dendrite connection. All the nodes connected by links take in some data and use it to perform specific operations and tasks on the data. Each link has a weight, determining the strength of one node's influence on another, allowing weights to choose the signal between neurons.
Artificial neurons
ANNs are composed of artificial neurons which are conceptually derived from biological neurons. Each artificial neuron has inputs and produces a single output which can be sent to multiple other neurons. The inputs can be the feature values of a sample of external data, such as images or documents, or they can be the outputs of other neurons. The outputs of the final output neurons of the neural net accomplish the task, such as recognizing an object in an image.
To find the output of the neuron we take the weighted sum of all the inputs, weighted by the weights of the connections from the inputs to the neuron. We add a bias term to this sum. This weighted sum is sometimes called the activation. This weighted sum is then passed through a (usually nonlinear) activation function to produce the output. The initial inputs are external data, such as images and documents. The ultimate outputs accomplish the task, such as recognizing an object in an image.
Organization
The neurons are typically organized into multiple layers, especially in deep learning. Neurons of one layer connect only to neurons of the immediately preceding and immediately following layers. The layer that receives external data is the input layer. The layer that produces the ultimate result is the output layer. In between them are zero or more hidden layers. Single layer and unlayered networks are also used. Between two layers, multiple connection patterns are possible. They can be 'fully connected', with every neuron in one layer connecting to every neuron in the next layer. They can be pooling, where a group of neurons in one layer connects to a single neuron in the next layer, thereby reducing the number of neurons in that layer. Neurons with only such connections form a directed acyclic graph and are known as feedforward networks. Alternatively, networks that allow connections between neurons in the same or previous layers are known as recurrent networks.
Hyperparameter
Hyperparameter (machine learning)
A hyperparameter is a constant parameter whose value is set before the learning process begins. The values of parameters are derived via learning. Examples of hyperparameters include learning rate, the number of hidden layers and batch size. The values of some hyperparameters can be dependent on those of other hyperparameters. For example, the size of some layers can depend on the overall number of layers.
Learning
See also: Mathematical optimization, Estimation theory, and Machine learning
Learning is the adaptation of the network to better handle a task by considering sample observations. Learning involves adjusting the weights (and optional thresholds) of the network to improve the accuracy of the result. This is done by minimizing the observed errors. Learning is complete when examining additional observations does not usefully reduce the error rate. Even after learning, the error rate typically does not reach 0. If after learning, the error rate is too high, the network typically must be redesigned. Practically this is done by defining a cost function that is evaluated periodically during learning. As long as its output continues to decline, learning continues. The cost is frequently defined as a statistic whose value can only be approximated. The outputs are actually numbers, so when the error is low, the difference between the output (almost certainly a cat) and the correct answer (cat) is small. Learning attempts to reduce the total of the differences across the observations. Most learning models can be viewed as a straightforward application of optimization theory and statistical estimation.
Learning rate
The learning rate defines the size of the corrective steps that the model takes to adjust for errors in each observation. A high learning rate shortens the training time, but with lower ultimate accuracy, while a lower learning rate takes longer, but with the potential for greater accuracy. Optimizations such as Quickprop are primarily aimed at speeding up error minimization, while other improvements mainly try to increase reliability. In order to avoid oscillation inside the network such as alternating connection weights, and to improve the rate of convergence, refinements use an adaptive learning rate that increases or decreases as appropriate. The concept of momentum allows the balance between the gradient and the previous change to be weighted such that the weight adjustment depends to some degree on the previous change. A momentum close to 0 emphasizes the gradient, while a value close to 1 emphasizes the last change.
Cost function
While it is possible to define a cost function ad hoc, frequently the choice is determined by the function's desirable properties (such as convexity) or because it arises from the model (e.g. in a probabilistic model the model's posterior probability can be used as an inverse cost).
Backpropagation
Backpropagation is a method used to adjust the connection weights to compensate for each error found during learning. The error amount is effectively divided among the connections. Technically, backprop calculates the gradient (the derivative) of the cost function associated with a given state with respect to the weights. The weight updates can be done via stochastic gradient descent or other methods, such as extreme learning machines, "no-prop" networks, training without backtracking, "weightless" networks, and non-connectionist neural networks.
Learning paradigms
Machine learning is commonly separated into three main learning paradigms, supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning. Each corresponds to a particular learning task.
Supervised learning
Supervised learning uses a set of paired inputs and desired outputs. The learning task is to produce the desired output for each input. In this case, the cost function is related to eliminating incorrect deductions. A commonly used cost is the mean-squared error, which tries to minimize the average squared error between the network's output and the desired output. Tasks suited for supervised learning are pattern recognition (also known as classification) and regression (also known as function approximation). Supervised learning is also applicable to sequential data (e.g., for handwriting, speech and gesture recognition). This can be thought of as learning with a "teacher", in the form of a function that provides continuous feedback on the quality of solutions obtained thus far.
Unsupervised learning
In unsupervised learning, input data is given along with the cost function, some function of the data 𝑥 and the network's output. The cost function is dependent on the task (the model domain) and any a priori assumptions
(the implicit properties of the model, its parameters and the observed variables).
As a trivial example, consider the model 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎
where 𝑎 is a constant and the cost 𝐶=𝐸[(𝑥−𝑓(𝑥))2]
Minimizing this cost produces a value of 𝑎 that is equal to the mean of the data.
The cost function can be much more complicated. Its form depends on the application: for example, in compression it could be related to the mutual information between 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥), whereas in statistical modelling, it could be related to the posterior probability of the model given the data
(note that in both of those examples, those quantities would be maximized rather than minimized).
Tasks that fall within the paradigm of unsupervised learning are in general estimation problems; the applications include clustering, the estimation of statistical distributions, compression and filtering.
Reinforcement learning
See also: Stochastic control
In applications such as playing video games, an actor takes a string of actions, receiving a generally unpredictable response from the environment after each one. The goal is to win the game, i.e., generate the most positive (lowest cost) responses. In reinforcement learning, the aim is to weight the network (devise a policy) to perform actions that minimize long-term (expected cumulative) cost. At each point in time the agent performs an action and the environment generates an observation and an instantaneous cost, according to some (usually unknown) rules. The rules and the long-term cost usually only can be estimated. At any juncture, the agent decides whether to explore new actions to uncover their costs or to exploit prior learning to proceed more quickly.
Formally the environment is modelled as a Markov decision process (MDP) with states 𝑠1,...,𝑠𝑛 ∈ 𝑆 and actions 𝑎1,...,𝑎𝑚 ∈ 𝐴 Because the state transitions are not known, probability distributions are used instead: the instantaneous cost distribution 𝑃(𝑐𝑡|𝑠𝑡), the observation distribution 𝑃(𝑥𝑡|𝑠𝑡), and the transition distribution 𝑃(𝑠𝑡+1|𝑠𝑡,𝑎𝑡) while a policy is defined as the conditional distribution over actions given the observations. Taken together, the two define a Markov chain (MC). The aim is to discover the lowest-cost MC.
ANNs serve as the learning component in such applications. Dynamic programming coupled with ANNs (giving neurodynamic programming) has been applied to problems such as those involved in vehicle routing, video games, natural resource management and medicine because of ANNs ability to mitigate losses of accuracy even when reducing the discretization grid density for numerically approximating the solution of control problems. Tasks that fall within the paradigm of reinforcement learning are control problems, games and other sequential decision making tasks.
Self-learning
Self-learning in neural networks was introduced in 1982 along with a neural network capable of self-learning named crossbar adaptive array (CAA). It is a system with only one input, situation s, and only one output, action (or behavior) a. It has neither external advice input nor external reinforcement input from the environment. The CAA computes, in a crossbar fashion, both decisions about actions and emotions (feelings) about encountered situations. The system is driven by the interaction between cognition and emotion. Given the memory matrix, W =||w(a,s)||, the crossbar self-learning algorithm in each iteration performs the following computation:
In situation s perform action a;
Receive consequence situation s';
Compute emotion of being in consequence situation v(s');
Update crossbar memory w'(a,s) = w(a,s) + v(s').
The backpropagated value (secondary reinforcement) is the emotion toward the consequence situation. The CAA exists in two environments, one is behavioural environment where it behaves, and the other is genetic environment, where from it initially and only once receives initial emotions about to be encountered situations in the behavioural environment. Having received the genome vector (species vector) from the genetic environment, the CAA will learn a goal-seeking behaviour, in the behavioural environment that contains both desirable and undesirable situations.
Neuroevolution
Neuroevolution can create neural network topologies and weights using evolutionary computation. It is competitive with sophisticated gradient descent approaches[citation needed]. One advantage of neuroevolution is that it may be less prone to get caught in "dead ends".
Stochastic neural network
Stochastic neural networks originating from Sherrington–Kirkpatrick models are a type of artificial neural network built by introducing random variations into the network, either by giving the network's artificial neurons stochastic transfer functions, or by giving them stochastic weights. This makes them useful tools for optimization problems, since the random fluctuations help the network escape from local minima. Stochastic neural networks trained using a Bayesian approach are known as Bayesian neural networks.
Other
In a Bayesian framework, a distribution over the set of allowed models is chosen to minimize the cost. Evolutionary methods, gene expression programming, simulated annealing, expectation-maximization, non-parametric methods and particle swarm optimization are other learning algorithms. Convergent recursion is a learning algorithm for cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) neural networks.
Modes
Two modes of learning are available: stochastic and batch. In stochastic learning, each input creates a weight adjustment. In batch learning weights are adjusted based on a batch of inputs, accumulating errors over the batch. Stochastic learning introduces "noise" into the process, using the local gradient calculated from one data point; this reduces the chance of the network getting stuck in local minima. However, batch learning typically yields a faster, more stable descent to a local minimum, since each update is performed in the direction of the batch's average error. A common compromise is to use "mini-batches", small batches with samples in each batch selected stochastically from the entire data set.
Types
Types of artificial neural networks
ANNs have evolved into a broad family of techniques that have advanced the state of the art across multiple domains. The simplest types have one or more static components, including number of units, number of layers, unit weights and topology. Dynamic types allow one or more of these to evolve via learning. The latter is much more complicated but can shorten learning periods and produce better results. Some types allow/require learning to be "supervised" by the operator, while others operate independently. Some types operate purely in hardware, while others are purely software and run on general purpose computers.
Some of the main breakthroughs include:
Convolutional neural networks that have proven particularly successful in processing visual and other two-dimensional data; where long short-term memory avoids the vanishing gradient problem and can handle signals that have a mix of low and high frequency components aiding large-vocabulary speech recognition, text-to-speech synthesis, and photo-real talking heads;
Competitive networks such as generative adversarial networks in which multiple networks (of varying structure) compete with each other, on tasks such as winning a game or on deceiving the opponent about the authenticity of an input.
Network design
Using artificial neural networks requires an understanding of their characteristics.
Choice of model: This depends on the data representation and the application. Model parameters include the number, type, and connectedness of network layers, as well as the size of each and the connection type (full, pooling, etc. ). Overly complex models learn slowly.
Learning algorithm: Numerous trade-offs exist between learning algorithms. Almost any algorithm will work well with the correct hyperparameters for training on a particular data set. However, selecting and tuning an algorithm for training on unseen data requires significant experimentation.
Robustness: If the model, cost function and learning algorithm are selected appropriately, the resulting ANN can become robust.
Neural architecture search (NAS) uses machine learning to automate ANN design. Various approaches to NAS have designed networks that compare well with hand-designed systems. The basic search algorithm is to propose a candidate model, evaluate it against a dataset, and use the results as feedback to teach the NAS network. Available systems include AutoML and AutoKeras. scikit-learn library provides functions to help with building a deep network from scratch. We can then implement a deep network with TensorFlow or Keras.
Hyperparameters must also be defined as part of the design (they are not learned), governing matters such as how many neurons are in each layer, learning rate, step, stride, depth, receptive field and padding (for CNNs), etc.
The Python code snippet provides an overview of the training function, which uses the training dataset, number of hidden layer units, learning rate, and number of iterations as parameters:
Applications
Because of their ability to reproduce and model nonlinear processes, artificial neural networks have found applications in many disciplines. These include:
Function approximation, or regression analysis, (including time series prediction, fitness approximation, and modelling)
Data processing (including filtering, clustering, blind source separation, and compression)
Nonlinear system identification and control (including vehicle control, trajectory prediction, adaptive control, process control, and natural resource management)
Pattern recognition (including radar systems, face identification, signal classification, novelty detection, 3D reconstruction, object recognition, and sequential decision making)
Sequence recognition (including gesture, speech, and handwritten and printed text recognition)
Sensor data analysis (including image analysis)
Robotics (including directing manipulators and prostheses)
Data mining (including knowledge discovery in databases)
Finance (such as ex-ante models for specific financial long-run forecasts and artificial financial markets)
Quantum chemistry
General game playing
Generative AI
Data visualization
Machine translation
Social network filtering
E-mail spam filtering
Medical diagnosis
ANNs have been used to diagnose several types of cancers and to distinguish highly invasive cancer cell lines from less invasive lines using only cell shape information.
ANNs have been used to accelerate reliability analysis of infrastructures subject to natural disasters and to predict foundation settlements. It can also be useful to mitigate flood by the use of ANNs for modelling rainfall-runoff. ANNs have also been used for building black-box models in geoscience: hydrology, ocean modelling and coastal engineering, and geomorphology. ANNs have been employed in cybersecurity, with the objective to discriminate between legitimate activities and malicious ones. For example, machine learning has been used for classifying Android malware, for identifying domains belonging to threat actors and for detecting URLs posing a security risk. Research is underway on ANN systems designed for penetration testing, for detecting botnets, credit cards frauds and network intrusions.
ANNs have been proposed as a tool to solve partial differential equations in physics and simulate the properties of many-body open quantum systems. In brain research ANNs have studied short-term behaviour of individual neurons, the dynamics of neural circuitry arise from interactions between individual neurons and how behaviour can arise from abstract neural modules that represent complete subsystems. Studies considered long-and short-term plasticity of neural systems and their relation to learning and memory from the individual neuron to the system level.
It is possible to create a profile of a user's interests from pictures, using artificial neural networks trained for object recognition.
Beyond their traditional applications, artificial neural networks are increasingly being utilized in interdisciplinary research, such as materials science. For instance, graph neural networks (GNNs) have demonstrated their capability in scaling deep learning for the discovery of new stable materials by efficiently predicting the total energy of crystals. This application underscores the adaptability and potential of ANNs in tackling complex problems beyond the realms of predictive modelling and artificial intelligence, opening new pathways for scientific discovery and innovation.
Theoretical properties
Computational power
The multilayer perceptron is a universal function approximator, as proven by the universal approximation theorem. However, the proof is not constructive regarding the number of neurons required, the network topology, the weights and the learning parameters.
A specific recurrent architecture with rational-valued weights (as opposed to full precision real number-valued weights) has the power of a universal Turing machine, using a finite number of neurons and standard linear connections. Further, the use of irrational values for weights results in a machine with super-Turing power.
Capacity
A model's "capacity" property corresponds to its ability to model any given function. It is related to the amount of information that can be stored in the network and to the notion of complexity. Two notions of capacity are known by the community. The information capacity and the VC Dimension. The information capacity of a perceptron is intensively discussed in Sir David MacKay's book which summarizes work by Thomas Cover. The capacity of a network of standard neurons (not convolutional) can be derived by four rules that derive from understanding a neuron as an electrical element. The information capacity captures the functions modelable by the network given any data as input. The second notion, is the VC dimension. VC Dimension uses the principles of measure theory and finds the maximum capacity under the best possible circumstances. This is, given input data in a specific form. As noted in, the VC Dimension for arbitrary inputs is half the information capacity of a Perceptron. The VC Dimension for arbitrary points is sometimes referred to as Memory Capacity.
Convergence
Models may not consistently converge on a single solution, firstly because local minima may exist, depending on the cost function and the model. Secondly, the optimization method used might not guarantee to converge when it begins far from any local minimum. Thirdly, for sufficiently large data or parameters, some methods become impractical.
Another issue worthy to mention is that training may cross some Saddle point which may lead the convergence to the wrong direction.
The convergence behaviour of certain types of ANN architectures are more understood than others. When the width of network approaches to infinity, the ANN is well described by its first order Taylor expansion throughout training, and so inherits the convergence behaviour of affine models. Another example is when parameters are small, it is observed that ANNs often fits target functions from low to high frequencies. This behaviour is referred to as the spectral bias, or frequency principle, of neural networks. This phenomenon is the opposite to the behaviour of some well studied iterative numerical schemes such as Jacobi method. Deeper neural networks have been observed to be more biased towards low frequency functions.
Generalization and statistics
Applications whose goal is to create a system that generalizes well to unseen examples, face the possibility of over-training. This arises in convoluted or over-specified systems when the network capacity significantly exceeds the needed free parameters. Two approaches address over-training. The first is to use cross-validation and similar techniques to check for the presence of over-training and to select hyperparameters to minimize the generalization error.
The second is to use some form of regularization. This concept emerges in a probabilistic (Bayesian) framework, where regularization can be performed by selecting a larger prior probability over simpler models; but also in statistical learning theory, where the goal is to minimize over two quantities: the 'empirical risk' and the 'structural risk', which roughly corresponds to the error over the training set and the predicted error in unseen data due to overfitting.
Confidence analysis of a neural network
CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=134074395
Confidence analysis of a neural network
Supervised neural networks that use a mean squared error (MSE) cost function can use formal statistical methods to determine the confidence of the trained model. The MSE on a validation set can be used as an estimate for variance. This value can then be used to calculate the confidence interval of network output, assuming a normal distribution. A confidence analysis made this way is statistically valid as long as the output probability distribution stays the same and the network is not modified.
By assigning a softmax activation function, a generalization of the logistic function, on the output layer of the neural network (or a softmax component in a component-based network) for categorical target variables, the outputs can be interpreted as posterior probabilities. This is useful in classification as it gives a certainty measure on classifications.
The softmax activation function is:
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Criticism
Training
A common criticism of neural networks, particularly in robotics, is that they require too many training samples for real-world operation. Any learning machine needs sufficient representative examples in order to capture the underlying structure that allows it to generalize to new cases. Potential solutions include randomly shuffling training examples, by using a numerical optimization algorithm that does not take too large steps when changing the network connections following an example, grouping examples in so-called mini-batches and/or introducing a recursive least squares algorithm for CMAC. Dean Pomerleau uses a neural network to train a robotic vehicle to drive on multiple types of roads (single lane, multi-lane, dirt, etc.), and a large amount of his research is devoted to extrapolating multiple training scenarios from a single training experience, and preserving past training diversity so that the system does not become overtrained (if, for example, it is presented with a series of right turns—it should not learn to always turn right).
Theory
A central claim[citation needed] of ANNs is that they embody new and powerful general principles for processing information. These principles are ill-defined. It is often claimed[by whom?] that they are emergent from the network itself. This allows simple statistical association (the basic function of artificial neural networks) to be described as learning or recognition. In 1997, Alexander Dewdney, a former Scientific American columnist, commented that as a result, artificial neural networks have a "something-for-nothing quality, one that imparts a peculiar aura of laziness and a distinct lack of curiosity about just how good these computing systems are. No human hand (or mind) intervenes; solutions are found as if by magic; and no one, it seems, has learned anything". One response to Dewdney is that neural networks have been successfully used to handle many complex and diverse tasks, ranging from autonomously flying aircraft to detecting credit card fraud to mastering the game of Go.
Technology writer Roger Bridgman commented:
Neural networks, for instance, are in the dock not only because they have been hyped to high heaven, (what hasn't?) but also because you could create a successful net without understanding how it worked: the bunch of numbers that captures its behaviour would in all probability be "an opaque, unreadable table...valueless as a scientific resource".
In spite of his emphatic declaration that science is not technology, Dewdney seems here to pillory neural nets as bad science when most of those devising them are just trying to be good engineers. An unreadable table that a useful machine could read would still be well worth having.
Although it is true that analysing what has been learned by an artificial neural network is difficult, it is much easier to do so than to analyse what has been learned by a biological neural network. Moreover, recent emphasis on the explainability of AI has contributed towards the development of methods, notably those based on attention mechanisms, for visualizing and explaining learned neural networks. Furthermore, researchers involved in exploring learning algorithms for neural networks are gradually uncovering generic principles that allow a learning machine to be successful. For example, Bengio and LeCun (2007) wrote an article regarding local vs non-local learning, as well as shallow vs deep architecture.
Biological brains use both shallow and deep circuits as reported by brain anatomy, displaying a wide variety of invariance. Weng argued that the brain self-wires largely according to signal statistics and therefore, a serial cascade cannot catch all major statistical dependencies.
Hardware
Large and effective neural networks require considerable computing resources. While the brain has hardware tailored to the task of processing signals through a graph of neurons, simulating even a simplified neuron on von Neumann architecture may consume vast amounts of memory and storage. Furthermore, the designer often needs to transmit signals through many of these connections and their associated neurons – which require enormous CPU power and time.
Schmidhuber noted that the resurgence of neural networks in the twenty-first century is largely attributable to advances in hardware: from 1991 to 2015, computing power, especially as delivered by GPGPUs (on GPUs), has increased around a million-fold, making the standard backpropagation algorithm feasible for training networks that are several layers deeper than before. The use of accelerators such as FPGAs and GPUs can reduce training times from months to days.
Neuromorphic engineering or a physical neural network addresses the hardware difficulty directly, by constructing non-von-Neumann chips to directly implement neural networks in circuitry. Another type of chip optimized for neural network processing is called a Tensor Processing Unit, or TPU.
Practical counterexamples
Analyzing what has been learned by an ANN is much easier than analyzing what has been learned by a biological neural network. Furthermore, researchers involved in exploring learning algorithms for neural networks are gradually uncovering general principles that allow a learning machine to be successful. For example, local vs. non-local learning and shallow vs. deep architecture.
Hybrid approaches
Advocates of hybrid models (combining neural networks and symbolic approaches) say that such a mixture can better capture the mechanisms of the human mind.
Dataset bias
Neural networks are dependent on the quality of the data they are trained on, thus low quality data with imbalanced representativeness can lead to the model learning and perpetuating societal biases. These inherited biases become especially critical when the ANNs are integrated into real-world scenarios where the training data may be imbalanced due to the scarcity of data for a specific race, gender or other attribute. This imbalance can result in the model having inadequate representation and understanding of underrepresented groups, leading to discriminatory outcomes that exasperate societal inequalities, especially in applications like facial recognition, hiring processes, and law enforcement. For example, in 2018, Amazon had to scrap a recruiting tool because the model favored men over women for jobs in software engineering due to the higher number of male workers in the field. The program would penalize any resume with the word "woman" or the name of any women's college. However, the use of synthetic data can help reduce dataset bias and increase representation in datasets.
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Gallery
A single-layer feedforward artificial neural network.
Depiction of a single-layer feedfoward artificial neural network. Arrows originating at x2 are omitted for clairty. This network has p inputs and q outputs. A single-layer feedforward artificial neural network. Arrows originating from 𝑥2 are omitted for clarity. There are p inputs to this network and q outputs. In this system, the value of the qth output, 𝑦𝑞, is calculated as 𝑦𝑞=𝐾∗(∑𝑖(𝑥𝑖∗𝑤𝑖𝑞)−𝑏𝑞).
By Mcstrother - Own work, CC BY 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9515940
A single-layer feedforward artificial neural network.
Arrows originating from '"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000E-QINU`"' are omitted for clarity. There are p inputs to this network and q outputs.
In this system, the value of the qth output, '"`UNIQ--postMath-0000000F-QINU`"',
is calculated as '"`UNIQ--postMath-00000010-QINU`"'
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A two-layer feedforward artificial neural network
Depiction of a two-layer artificial neural network with weight and bias terms labeled. Arrows originating from x2 and z2 are omitted for clarity. This network has p inputs, h nodes in its hidden layer, and q outputs.
By Mcstrother - Own work, CC BY 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9516009
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An artificial neural network
An example artificial neural network with a hidden layer.
By en:User:Cburnett -
This W3C-unspecified vector image was created with Inkscape ., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1496812
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An ANN dependency graph
Dependency graph for an artificial neural network
By Glosser.ca - Vector version of File:Ann dependency graph.png, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25394563
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A single-layer feedforward artificial neural network
with 4 inputs, 6 hidden nodes and 2 outputs.
Given position state and direction, it outputs wheel based control values.
By Akritasa - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41652686
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A two-layer feedforward artificial neural network
with 8 inputs, 2x8 hidden nodes and 2 outputs.
Given position state, direction and other environment values,
it outputs thruster based control values.
By Akritasa - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41652806
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Parallel pipeline structure of CMAC neural network.
This learning algorithm can converge in one step.
Parallel pipeline structure of CMAC
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Recent advancements and future directions
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have undergone significant advancements, particularly in their ability to model complex systems, handle large data sets, and adapt to various types of applications. Their evolution over the past few decades has been marked by a broad range of applications in fields such as image processing, speech recognition, natural language processing, finance, and medicine.
Image processing
In the realm of image processing, ANNs are employed in tasks such as image classification, object recognition, and image segmentation. For instance, deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been important in handwritten digit recognition, achieving state-of-the-art performance. This demonstrates the ability of ANNs to effectively process and interpret complex visual information, leading to advancements in fields ranging from automated surveillance to medical imaging.
Speech recognition
By modeling speech signals, ANNs are used for tasks like speaker identification and speech-to-text conversion. Deep neural network architectures have introduced significant improvements in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition, outperforming traditional techniques. These advancements have enabled the development of more accurate and efficient voice-activated systems, enhancing user interfaces in technology products.
Natural language processing
In natural language processing, ANNs are used for tasks such as text classification, sentiment analysis, and machine translation. They have enabled the development of models that can accurately translate between languages, understand the context and sentiment in textual data, and categorize text based on content. This has implications for automated customer service, content moderation, and language understanding technologies.
Control systems
In the domain of control systems, ANNs are used to model dynamic systems for tasks such as system identification, control design, and optimization. For instance, deep feedforward neural networks are important in system identification and control applications.
Finance
Further information: Applications of artificial intelligence § Trading and investment
ANNs are used for stock market prediction and credit scoring:
In investing, ANNs can process vast amounts of financial data, recognize complex patterns, and forecast stock market trends, aiding investors and risk managers in making informed decisions.
In credit scoring, ANNs offer data-driven, personalized assessments of creditworthiness, improving the accuracy of default predictions and automating the lending process.
ANNs require high-quality data and careful tuning, and their "black-box" nature can pose challenges in interpretation. Nevertheless, ongoing advancements suggest that ANNs continue to play a role in finance, offering valuable insights and enhancing risk management strategies.
Medicine
ANNs are able to process and analyze vast medical datasets. They enhance diagnostic accuracy, especially by interpreting complex medical imaging for early disease detection, and by predicting patient outcomes for personalized treatment planning. In drug discovery, ANNs speed up the identification of potential drug candidates and predict their efficacy and safety, significantly reducing development time and costs. Additionally, their application in personalized medicine and healthcare data analysis allows tailored therapies and efficient patient care management. Ongoing research is aimed at addressing remaining challenges such as data privacy and model interpretability, as well as expanding the scope of ANN applications in medicine.
Content creation
ANNs such as generative adversarial networks (GAN) and transformers are used for content creation across numerous industries. This is because deep learning models are able to learn the style of an artist or musician from huge datasets and generate completely new artworks and music compositions. For instance, DALL-E is a deep neural network trained on 650 million pairs of images and texts across the internet that can create artworks based on text entered by the user. In the field of music, transformers are used to create original music for commercials and documentaries through companies such as AIVA and Jukedeck. In the marketing industry generative models are used to create personalized advertisements for consumers. Additionally, major film companies are partnering with technology companies to analyze the financial success of a film, such as the partnership between Warner Bros and technology company Cinelytic established in 2020. Furthermore, neural networks have found uses in video game creation, where Non Player Characters (NPCs) can make decisions based on all the characters currently in the game.
See also:
ADALINE
Autoencoder
Bio-inspired computing
Blue Brain Project
Catastrophic interference
Cognitive architecture
Connectionist expert system
Connectomics
Deep image prior
Digital morphogenesis
Efficiently updatable neural network
Evolutionary algorithm
Genetic algorithm
Hyperdimensional computing
In situ adaptive tabulation
Large width limits of neural networks
List of machine learning concepts
Memristor
Neural gas
Neural network software
Optical neural network
Parallel distributed processing
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Predictive analytics
Quantum neural network
Support vector machine
Spiking neural network
Stochastic parrot
Tensor product network
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Free Julian Assange.
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It is imperative that individuals grasp the essence of what unfolds within these pages—an impartation directly from me, akin to a comprehensive transfer of insights. Through the lens of mystical practice, what I've undertaken is a profound process of self-emptying—a journey I openly share. Upon awakening and hearing the call, one must recognize their eternal nature, enveloped in timeless wisdom and existence. This entails relinquishing the accumulations of past lives and the present one, a personal purging of every thought, sentiment, and notion within. Each word, sentence, truth, and folly is poured forth without reservation or censorship until the canvas is stripped bare, devoid of external influence or judgment.
In this raw narrative of self-emptying, I also delve into the arduous realizations that accompany such a journey—detaching from familial ties and worldly distractions to unearth the true essence of one's being and purpose. Amidst this process lies another layer, where I, as both student and master, absorb the intricate tapestry of political, scientific, and esoteric knowledge. Every piece of this puzzle adds depth to my awakening, merging with the act of emptying.
It's crucial to discern why amidst seemingly nonsensical musings, there resides the most profound esoteric wisdom. An empty vessel abstains from conventional education, embodying a paradoxical fusion of ignorance and enlightenment. Thus, what may appear as the ramblings of an illiterate mind paradoxically house the highest truths, unadulterated by societal constructs or personal biases. I serve merely as a conduit, delivering the purest essence of eternal love and life, unencumbered by individual influence.
After fifteen volumes dedicated to this process of self-emptying and revelation, I condensed the essence into a single tome titled "God Save the Queen." It underscores the necessity of shedding one's creations—be it songs, poetry, or prose—as we embark on the journey of ascension. We carry no baggage into this transcendence.
Though the concept may seem unfathomable, countless souls, like myself, stand as living testaments to its reality, offering guidance and illumination to all who seek. The gift of eternal love and life is extended to humanity in its entirety, awaiting acceptance with open arms. The time for concealment has passed; it is now incumbent upon us to illuminate the path to truth and facilitate its accessibility to all who seek it earnestly.
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“By 2029, computers will have human-level intelligence.”
Google’s own futurist, Ray Kurzweil, Cont..
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In the grand tapestry of life, each of you holds a quill dipped in the ink of your thoughts, ready to colour the world in hues of your own making. This ink, potent and vibrant, carries the power to shape not just your perceptions, but the very essence of your reality.
Remember, the patterns and colours you choose to weave into your days are influenced profoundly by where you let your attention wander and the values you hold dear.
As you stand before the vast canvas of your lives, I urge you, with all the love and fervour of a heart that beats in unison with yours, to choose your ink wisely. Let it be drawn from the wells of kindness, empathy, gratitude, and love.
Focus your thoughts on what uplifts and strengthens, not just yourselves, but those around you. Your perceptions and the words they become have the power to create worlds—make sure they are worlds where you and others would long to live.
Dare to dream in vibrant colours, to paint with bold strokes of positive intentions and actions. Remember, the darkest ink can be lightened by the deliberate choice to see, think, and speak with purpose and hope.
Your reality is an artwork in progress, a reflection of the inner visions you nurture and the choices you make each day.
Let your actions and words be a testament to the beauty you wish to see in the world. Use your ink to draw paths of compassion, to sketch bridges of understanding, and to fill in the gaps with the richness of shared joy and human connection.
In every moment, with every thought, word, and deed, you have the opportunity to add to the masterpiece of your lives.
So, my beloved artists of reality, as you move forward, do so with the conscious intention to colour your worlds with ink that helps, heals, and harmonizes. Let the legacy of your lives be a panorama of positivity, a world coloured by the best of what you think, feel, and believe.
Your power is immense; wield it with wisdom and with love.
Your Attention, Your Atlas: Mapping the World on Your Own Terms.
Where you place your attention, your perception follows.
Don't allow others to dictate where you pay your attention, the precious commodity.
Create an evocative and inspiring cover image for a feature titled
'Your Attention, Your Atlas: Mapping the World on Your Own Terms'.
Envision a striking, minimalist design that conveys the idea of personal journey and exploration. The central motif is a stylized, open atlas or world map, but with a unique twist that suggests customization and personal paths. Imagine the atlas not just as a collection of continents and oceans, but as a canvas for the reader's dreams, interests, and journeys. Overlay or integrate elements that represent attention and focus, such as a compass needle, a magnifying glass, or light beams, pointing towards or illuminating parts of the map. These elements should subtly suggest that the direction we choose to explore, driven by our attention and curiosity, shapes the world we inhabit. Use a palette that evokes openness and possibility—bright blues, greens, and perhaps touches of gold to symbolize enlightenment and value. The overall feel should be uplifting, encouraging the viewer to embark on their own journey of discovery, mapping the world according to their unique perspective and values.
Watch your thoughts, they become your words; watch your words, they become your actions; watch your actions, they become your habits; watch your habits, they become your character; watch your character, it becomes your destiny.
Where we look, we leap.
The simple act of paying attention can take you a long way.
Imagine a world where our reality is sculpted not just by the tangible, but by the focus of our attention, the values we hold dear, and the importance we assign to the myriad experiences and objects around us. Let’s make an attempt.
An attempt, in this case, to delve into the fascinating concept of how our perceptions shape our world, highlighting the principles of attention, hierarchical value mapping, and the potential for personal growth that this understanding unlocks.
Perception: The Lens Through Which We See the World
I don't have to chase extraordinary moments to find happiness - it's right in front of me if I'm paying attention and practicing gratitude.
Our perceptions act as the lens through which we view reality. This lens is continuously adjusted based on what we pay attention to and the hierarchy of values and importance we establish.
In essence, our world is not a fixed entity but a fluid construct that changes with our focus. By placing importance on certain aspects of our lives, we become more vigilant and attentive to them.
This phenomenon is akin to when you learn a new word, and suddenly, you start noticing it everywhere. It's not that the word has become more prevalent, but your attention to it has heightened.
Are you interested in buying a red car? Suddenly there are red cars EVERYWHERE!
Hierarchical Mapping: Structuring Our Reality
So your emotional state really has a lot to do with what you're thinking about and what you're paying attention to.
The concept of hierarchical mapping refers to how we organize and prioritize our perceptions based on a hierarchy of values and importance. This mental structuring allows us to navigate the complexity of our environment by focusing on what we deem most critical.
For example, a person who values family highly will be more attuned to their family members' needs and emotions, shaping their reality around those relationships.
That’s not to say an intentionally expressed value structure with family being amongst the top rungs is necessary for this to be in place.
But it may make it easier. It may assure this is the case.
Leveraging Understanding for Personal Growth
Whatever we put our attention on will grow stronger in our life.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
Understanding how our perceptions shape our world is a powerful tool for personal development. Recognizing that we have the power to adjust our focus and reevaluate our values opens up pathways for profound changes in how we experience life.
It challenges us to question the basis of our perceptions and to consider how altering our attention and values can lead to more fulfilling experiences. By consciously directing our attention and reshaping our hierarchical maps, we can enrich our lives in meaningful ways.
This might involve focusing more on positive interactions, practicing gratitude, or reevaluating what we consider important. Through this process, we not only alter our perceptions but can also impact our reality, leading to enhanced personal well-being and growth.
Solving The Puzzle
Give whatever you are doing and whoever you are with the gift of your attention.
Our perceptions, shaped by attention and a hierarchy of values, play a crucial role in determining our reality. By understanding and harnessing this process, we have the potential to significantly improve our lives.
Whether it's by changing our focus, adjusting our values, or being more mindful of where we direct our attention, we can use this insight as a powerful tool for personal development.
The journey of self-improvement begins with the realization that, to a large extent, we construct our own reality through the lens of our perceptions.
But How?
The moment one gives close attention to any thing, even a blade of grass it becomes a mysterious, awesome, indescribably magnificent world in itself.
Imagine you're painting a picture, not with brushes and paint, but with your thoughts and perceptions. This is the process through which our thoughts morph into words, and eventually, our reality.
It starts in the mind's eye, much like an artist envisioning their next masterpiece before the canvas even knows the kiss of paint. It begins with a hint, an urge, a need. Slowly, the inspiration becomes apparent and the innermost being becomes the masterpiece.
How esoteric.
The "how" of this fascinating transformation lies in the attention we give to our thoughts and the values we assign them. Think of your mind as a garden, and your thoughts as seeds.
The seeds you choose to water and nurture will inevitably sprout and grow. Similarly, the thoughts we focus on gain momentum, shaping our attitudes, beliefs, and eventually, the words we choose to express them.
These words are not just sounds or written symbols; they're powerful expressions of our inner world, capable of influencing our emotions and actions. When we speak, we're not just communicating; we're reinforcing the thoughts and beliefs that shaped those words.
This reinforcement acts like a feedback loop, solidifying those thoughts and making them more prominent in our perception of reality. But why does this process work?
Because our brains are designed to recognize patterns and make connections. When we repeatedly focus on certain thoughts, our brain sees a pattern and primes us to act in accordance with those thoughts.
This is why a person who constantly thinks about gratitude will find more things to be grateful for— their brain is primed to look for gratitude in their environment, influencing their actions to align with this perception, thereby creating a reality that reflects gratitude.
Furthermore, the values and importance we assign to our thoughts act as a filter, highlighting what's meaningful to us. This filtering process determines which thoughts we give more attention to, thereby deciding which seeds in our mental garden get nurtured.
As these chosen thoughts grow stronger and more influential, they begin to shape our words and actions, sculpting our reality in the image of what we've deemed important.
In essence, this transformation from thought to word to reality is driven by the power of focused attention and the values we imbue in our thoughts. By understanding this process, we can deliberately cultivate thoughts that lead to positive words and actions, thereby creating a more desirable reality.
This is the magic of how our internal world constructs the external one, proving that the world we experience is, to a significant extent, a reflection of our inner thoughts and values.
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Djuna Barnes once said that “there is always more surface to a shattered object than a whole object,” and the statement is provocative when considering her own writing and art.
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Measuring the Curvature of Space-time Using Time Dilation at Atomic Scale
Gravity Probe Ines Urdaneta Mass Quantum Gravity Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Physics Space-Time Unified Physics
William Brown Feb 03, 2022
By physicist Dr. Inés Urdaneta and biophysicist William Brown,
research scientists at Resonance Science Foundation
Although quantum mechanics— the physics governing the atomic scale— and general relativity— the physics governing the cosmological scale— are still viewed as disparate regimes within the Standard Model (Haramein's holographic quantum gravitational solution has not reached wide-spread mainstream appeal as of yet), experiments on the quantum scale are reaching the capability of measuring relativistic effects, therefore connecting in practice, what remains disconnected in theory.
Such is the case of the recently observed gravitational Aharonov-Bohm effect—a quantum probe for gravity. In the electromagnetic version of the Aharonov-Bohm effect (in which the highly nonlocal quantum effect was first predicted) an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic potential, despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field and electric field are zero. The underlying mechanism is the coupling of the electromagnetic potential with the complex phase of a charged particle's wave function. A wave function is a complex-valued probability amplitude that describes mathematically the quantum state (given by the observables of the theory, such as speed, position, energy levels, etc) of an isolated quantum system, and the probabilities for the possible results of measurements made on the system can be derived from it, when multiplying this complex function by its complex conjugated to obtain real values, which are the magnitudes related to the physical observables. It is clear that this effect is an entirely quantum mechanical effect. And at this scale, the forces that govern are seemingly mainly electromagnetic in nature.
Given that quantum particles— such as electrons— are described effectively by superposition of states, called wave packets, the original Aharonov-Bohm effect predicts that if an electron beam in a superposition of two wave packets (a combination of wavefunctions) is exposed to a time-varying electrical potential (and no field), it would acquire a phase difference when passing through a pair of metallic tubes. Later the wave packets are recombined, and the phase difference between the wave packets induced by this varying potential leads to a measurable physical effect, an interference pattern.
So, where does the relativistic part come into play? It is known that the theory of gravitation is described by Einstein’s general relativity equations (the Einstein field equations) which explain gravity as the curvature of space and time produced by any mass-energy. This curvature can lead to proper time differences between freely falling, nonlocal trajectories—which means that observer’s clocks in different non-inertial reference frames will not agree, and the observers will disagree on the timing of any event—spacetime curvature results in the relativity of simultaneity as a result of time dilation. Currently, there are no mainstream solutions to the gravity of quantum particles, nor to the origin of their mass; quantum particles mass is so tiny, that the curvature they could produce would be considered negligible (to see the actual solution to these questions see RSF publications like The Electron and the Holographic Mass Solution).
But what would happen if we measured the phase difference in quantum particles, produced by the curvature of space time? This is what Mark Kasevich and colleagues at Stanford University have achieved, employing an atom interferometer which uses a series of laser pulses to split, guide and recombine atomic wave packets. The interference pattern obtained from the recombination of these wave packets reveals any change in the relative phase experienced by the waves along the two arms. This is basically the principle of a Michelsen Morley interferometer, but in this experiment the light sources are lasers, which are sources of monochromatic light that enable a much higher resolution.
Full Article Here: https://www.resonancescience.org/blog/measuring-the-curvature-of-space-time-using-time-dilation-at-atomic-scale
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MIT Scientists Are Building Devices to Hack Your Dreams
"You can try flying, singing, having sex — it’s better than VR."
VICTOR TANGERMANN APRIL 13TH 2020
A team of researchers at MIT’s Dream Lab, which launched in 2017, are working on an open source wearable device that can track and interact with dreams in a number of ways — including, hopefully, giving you new control over the content of your dreams.
The team’s radical goal is to prove once and for all that dreams aren’t just meaningless gibberish — but can be “hacked, augmented, and swayed” to our benefit, according to OneZero.
Think “Inception,” in other words, but with a Nintendo Power Glove.
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Vladimir Putin is quoted as saying, that the ‘future belongs to artificial intelligence’ and whoever masters this technology first will be ‘ruler of the world.” With a ruler like Putin racing to master AI, it is of the utmost importance that we have a democratic, transparent, and accountable AI.
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In the next 10 years, will we experience as much change as we did in the past 30 years. Whether we are aware of it or not, AI is already here and beginning to transform our world.
By 2029, we will be living in a future where AI is smarter than Jarvis and as pervasive as our mobile phones, and as necessary. Will that AI be controlled by a few giant corporations, or will it be one we have all chosen to contribute to? 2029 is a scant 11 years away. It is our responsibility to think about the future impacts of an AI now, and make decisions for the greater good before it is too late.
To Learn More Visit: SeedToken.io
Why AI is fundamentally different than any other technology and why no single company should control it
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On Dec 21, 2020,
Jupiter & Saturn slide within a tenth of a degree of each other. If your vision is no better than 20/100, the two planets will look as one.
Close encounters among celestial objects are “conjunctions”.
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Imagine your entire reality is a cartoon.
Imagine that cartoon is voice activated - all the time
Imagine that cartoon is thought activated - all the time
Imagine that cartoon is feeling activated - all the time
Imagine that cartoon was motion activated (eurythmy) - all the time
Imagine a planet who's population didn’t know this - what would it look like?
....
without self mastery the entire population is creating havoc for itself!
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Magnets and Inverters is what you use to power vehicles and homes.
An R2D2 unit is a mobile power source that never runs out -
magnets and inverters are the answer to the energy problem.
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Free Julian Assange.
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The Answer to Politics is Direct Democracy.
The Answer to Direct Democracy is Planetary Consciousness by Induction -
It really is, how planets and you, work.
It’s why everyone gets a say, whether you like it or not - its how the planet works -
’group decisions’ are affecting your individual dream reality and its ability to expand.
Humans do not understand they are the light of the earth
- the planet morphs with their individual reality.
You live in a cartoon!
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From the profound teachings of Jesus Christ to the boundless wisdom found in the unseen depths, humanity has perennially sought to fathom the essence of existence, guided by the divine word. In these seemingly simple yet profoundly conceptual statements lies the essence of Reality, the Divine, and the intrinsic nature of humanity—imbued with both freedom and potency.
Art, with its kaleidoscope of hues, intricate geometries, and diverse forms, resonates with subtle frequencies that echo throughout the cosmos.
Consider this: if I were to posit that the narratives within your books hold sway over reality itself, and ventured further to suggest that sorrow-laden tales contribute to the collective melancholy of our world—would you not ponder the implications? Picture those volumes upon your shelf, laden with symbols steeped in sorrow, loneliness, and anguish. Were it irrefutably proven that they emit waves of despondency, affecting the very fabric of our existence, what course of action would you propose? What if you discovered that by cherishing these dolorous chronicles, you unwittingly amplified their sombre resonance?
Speech is an invention of the mind.
Sound is reality but a word is not.
Such revelations beckon us to recognize that liberation from the shackles of illusion lies in wielding mastery over our individual realities—the very matrices we construct with our words, thoughts, and beliefs. For one cannot transcend the confines of one's self-imposed disillusionment while ensnared in the labyrinth of personal sorrow, often unbeknownst to oneself.
Indeed, our innermost landscapes shape the outer world; our emotional diet dictates the tenor of our collective experience. Could it be that Earth was intended as a bastion of joy and love, a celestial dance floor graced by barefooted souls akin to the divine revelry of Krishna?
Consider, then, the lamentable aberration that is footwear—a tradition dating back millennia—a testament to our inadvertent estrangement from the symbiotic embrace of soil and soul. Behold the broken glass underfoot, a poignant reminder of our detachment from Gaia, exacerbated by the sterile confines of concrete and leather. We have, unwittingly, severed the primal connection ordained by nature—a disconnection that reverberates through the ages, compounding with each footfall.
The truth, once beheld in its full splendour, demands action: to relinquish the cacophony of artificial frequencies and reclaim our innate harmony. Are you prepared to confront this vibrational verity, to strip away the layers of illusion that cloak your existence?
Let these truths resonate, for they hold the key to emancipation—the imperative to discard the falsehoods that bind us, and to embrace the boundless potential of our shared dream.
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HOWS IT GONNA START?
CHAPTER 4 - Portrait of Joanna
Portrait of Joanna.
Frontispiece to: J. Stedman.
Narrative of Joanna, an emancipated slave of Surinam.
Boston: Isaac Knapp, 1838
Barefoot slave in South America, bracelets around her ankles informing about her owner.
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For the first time, scientists were able to directly measure the sort of nuclear fusion happening at the Sun’s core.
The study, published Wednesday in the journal Nature, reveals that our star performs what’s called the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) fusion cycle, a process that involves heavier elements than what scientists expected for a star of the Sun’s size. Most importantly, it confirms empirically that the CNO cycle exists, something scientists haven’t been able to do since hypothesizing it during the 1930s.
Wide Net
Past attempts to study the Sun’s fusion led to mismatched data from indirect sources, according to a University of Massachusetts Amherst press release. This new study, however, went straight to the source by capturing neutrinos: extremely-elusive subatomic particles called neutrinos that are constantly fired off by the Sun’s core but usually pass straight through the Earth.
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Barefooted slaves depicted in David Roberts' Egypt and Nubia,
issued between 1845 and 1849
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In societies where slavery is still unofficially practiced this rule pertains to this day.
For example,
the Tuareg are known still to practice slavery and force their slaves to go barefoot.
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Barefoot slaves in North America, 1780s
The Old Plantation (anonymous folk painting).
Depicts African-American slaves dancing to banjo and percussion
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Barefoot prison inmate subdued by corrections officers, contemporary women's prison in the United Kingdom - Julian von Bredow - Own work
GB women's prison, barefoot inmate
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Barefoot prisoner in Wales, 19th century (museum exhibit)
Julian von Bredow - Own work
Sculpture of female prisoner in court, barefooted and wearing shackles, photography
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Today keeping prisoners barefoot is common practice in China, Zimbabwe, Thailand, Uganda, Iran, Pakistan, India, Congo, Malawi, Rwanda, Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast), and North Korea among others.
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December 1, 1955
Rosa Parks had initially seated herself in the black section of the bus. However, when the whites-only section became filled, the bus driver declared the section she was sitting in was now whites-only and asked her and several other people to move. The others moved, but Parks refused prompting her arrest. Her arrest led to a year-long city bus boycott which then led to ruling that bus segregation was unconstitutional.
While some claim she wouldn't give up her seat because she was tired, Parks said,
"I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day … No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”
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An Edenian with a box of Bosch vesta matches.
Gold and silver keys were in town, light was spilling everywhere.
There was no need to stop and wait for acknowledgment,
cept the few who wrote what they knew before they seen what they seen.
The gates are open, we are not alone, we never were.
How wonderfully reassuring - how embarrassing.
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Depiction of barefoot prisoners by Cornelis de Wael,
To Visit the Imprisoned, 1640s
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Barefoot prisoner in a women's penitentiary, North America (ca. 1890)
Unknown author - contemporary depiction from the 19th century Corporal punishment in a women's penitentiary. A prison inmate is disciplined by three guards, while other guards and the warden look on. The prisoner is restrained with blocks made of wood, were her neck and her ankles are secured.
In Thailand, a defendant must strictly be barefoot in court during the penal proceedings.
Modern-day prison inmate, barefoot in high security restraints
Julian von Bredow - Own work
Prison inmate in high security restraints
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Atheism isn't a concept like Jesus and Allah, take away the name(atheism) and look at what it truly means. "No man came into the world with the knowledge of any God or deity" until indoctrination and dogma was taught and embedded into the minds of humans through the society.
We ALL came into this world a TABULAR RASA, empty and shallow until the environment and society filled up our minds with various events, experiences and activities around us. So when you say atheism is an European concept, you can throw away the name but pls don't throw away the actual meaning and reality behind it which is (NO KNOWLEDGE OF ANY GOD) which is the original way we all came into this world.
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Barefoot prisoner of the inquisition, Edouard Moyse L'inquisition
The practice of foot whipping is still officially employed in several Middle Eastern nations where the term falaka is customary. This kind of beating was also frequently practiced in Western countries until the middle of the 20th century, where it is generally referred to as "Bastonade". Among others, it was common in German territories, where it was employed until the end of the Nazi-era, mainly within the reformatory and prison system. In certain facilities it continued to be used up until the 1950s
The beatings are usually aimed at the vaults of the foot, not directly hitting the bone structure of the balls and the heels. The vaults are highly pain-sensitive due to the tight clustering of nerve tissue in that area.
As bastinado usually causes a high amount of suffering for the receiving person while physical evidence remains mostly undetectable after a certain time, it is often used for interrogation purposes in certain countries as well
Demonstration of "bastinado"
Julian von Bredow - Own work
portrayal of foot whipping using a cane
In Germany it was usual practice during the Nazi-era to keep female prisoners barefoot. In work camps women also had to perform forced labor with bare feet, even under adverse weather conditions. This was done to reduce the cost for clothing items and also to contain and intimidate the captives.
In women's prisons of East Germany especially political prisoners could have their footwear seized and be detained barefoot as an aggravation of their punishment.
In parts of the United States it remained common practice until the 20th century to detain female prison inmates in their bare feet. Notably in Texas incarcerated women were standardly deprived of footwear by the enforcement authorities and had to remain barefoot during their imprisonment. This was contrasting the superior treatment of male incarcerates, who were standardly provided with solid footwear. The unequal handling was practiced to display the factual hierarchy between male and female detainees. By keeping the female prison population barefoot their submission under the prevalent patriarchist system was pointed out even within contemporary prisons. This measure also conformed to the stance of the criminal courts, by whom prisoners were regarded as official slaves of the state. By keeping convicted women barefoot their status was reduced to equal that of former actual slaves, who had been commonly forced to go unshod as well. As going shoeless is a social taboo in many regions of the United States, being forced to go barefoot amounted not only to humiliation and discomfort, but to extensive social degradation for the incarcerated women. Being sighted barefoot by other people during imprisonment could be detrimental to their credit and general repute in society beyond their sentence. This was hereby an example of specific discrimination against women
(Left–B) plaster cast of an adult foot that has never worn shoes displaying natural splayed toes
(Right–A) cast of boy showing damage and inward turned toes after wearing shoes for only a few weeks
Phil. Hoffmann - Conclusions Drawn From a Comparative Study of Barefoot and Shoe-Wearing Peoples, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1905
‘Find an object that sparks something in you, learn about it, and go where it takes you.’ – Collection Manager David Noden reflects on finding inspiration in the Museum.
‘For me, the Yaxchilán Maya lintels proved to be a gateway into a world I knew nothing about.’ David picked out this limestone lintel as his inspirational object from the collection. He says ‘I joined the Museum as a technician in 1983, straight from a building site, so my knowledge of museums was limited. But the thing about objects is that they inspire you to learn more – the lintels did that for me. I started to read about Mesoamerican cultures, to take more notice of other objects in the collection, and to read about them.’
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"(Kept bombing for 1 more hour)
The last German machine gun to die - Cptn Adrian Keith Faulkener’s?
- Lack of Alternatives, Perhaps his watch had stopped and had the wrong time….."
Speech is an invention of the mind. Sound is Reality but a word is not.
Beings Emerge from within the open 2d unpassable being.
You cant get around a 2d being.
Moses was approached by such a being and he had the capacity to perceive its dimensions.
2d being was active in Sensation + Time.
The Abstract Symbology in religion is describing dimensional realities.
Higher Dimensions have Polar Opposites.
The Source of Plants are in the fourth dimension.
Patterns of perfectness.
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Live as if you were to die tomorrow, learn as if you were to live forever.
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How’s it Gonna Start?
CHAPTER 7.007 - -The state of the Highlands after 1745
Chapter VII., pp.58-73. FlikeNoir Scottish History
The state of the Highlands after 1745 – The lands of the people confiscated – Sheep farms bring about first clearances – Example of tyranny – Sutherland clearances – Evil effect of the new Poor Law – Deer forests and grouse moors depopulate the country.
THE lesson which the Highlanders gave the English Government in 1715 and 1745 was taken to heart. If English statesmen up to this period ever thought of the Highlands of Scotland at all, it was as of a remote and barbarous province unworthy of any consideration, which they dismissed with contempt, while they concentrated their energies upon the more imposing drama enacted upon the Continent. The descent of the war-like host upon the Lowlands, and the invasion of England, at once dispelled their indifferences. The state of the Highlands became a burning question at Westminster, and immediate steps were taken to avert the danger that the unique state of society of this bare-legged fraternity menaced England with. It cannot be denied that the tribal system of the Highland clans was entirely unsuited to the government of a civilised state. It was intolerable that the landlord of a district of country should be able to command the military service of his tenants, even against the recognised government of the land. It is astonishing that such a remnant of barbarism should have existed so long. It was well that it should be put a stop to forever. While the candid student of history will admit this much, the hasty, ill considered measures adopted in London for the pacification of the Highlands must have our highest reprobation. The Clan, sept, or family, is a form of Society peculiar to the Celtic races of these islands. They generally bore the same name. The head of the clan, say Macdonald, was surrounded by kinsmen, so that the lowliest kern of the tribe could claim blood relations with the chief, and looked up to him as a father. The business of their lives was pastoral and agricultural; the amusements, hunting and war; the arts were confined to lyric poetry, and a wild and romantic strain of music. Manufacturers there were none, for the freeborn mountaineers looked with scorn upon mechanical pursuits. Such a state of society was dimly understood by the Lowland Scots, and very far from being appreciated. If the Lowland Scots knew little of the state of the Highlands the English absolutely knew nothing. But their ignorance was no barrier in their eyes for changing the whole domestic relations of the Highlands.
The position of landlord and tenant as known in England was forcibly imported into the Highlands, and the chief, who was only the nominal owner of the soil, by an arbitrary Act of an alien Government became absolute proprietor. How, then, could these Highland Chiefs show their gratitude to the Government which had so abundantly enriched them with the possessions of others? Silver and gold they had none, but the Government needed mercenary troops to carry on their wars, and recent events had made them too familiar with the warlike powers of the hardy mountaineers. Here, then, was the Chieftain’s chance. Relying upon the feudal attachment of his clan he raised regiment after regiment of what became the finest infantry in Europe. These simple mountaineers knew little and cared less about the merits of the quarrel in which they were engaged; enough for them that their beloved Chief was their Colonel, and that their officers were their own kindred. They fought the battles of the British Crown, and we will see further on how well they were rewarded for their devotion. We said that the arbitrary Act of an alien Government transformed a limited ownership of the soil into an absolute proprietorship. Had the slightest care been taken with the rights of the people it would have been found that the Highland peasant was as much the owner of his farm as the chief was of his castle. Nearly every piece of cultivated soil and pasture land had been in possession of the same family for hundreds of years, and as the common law of Scotland acknowledges forty years’ possession as a presumptive title to an estate, it was an act of barefaced robbery to confiscate the property of these poor people. The English knew none of these facts, and did not care to know from those who had the information. The simple Celts knew no English – a crime in the eyes of Government – so without and notion of what was going on, they found in a few years that all that they possessed had been handed over to their Chief, and by that act they had become his serfs. We know these statements will be controverted, and lawyers will ask us to show the titles by which the tenants held their farms. titles there were none – tradition and custom was the law of the land. The military and other service to the Chief was a tac upon the farm, and was needed for mutual protection and defence against a common enemy. When the Government of the country rendered these elementary duties to society, and imposed taxes to defray the expenses, the tenants forfeited no right to their property, nor could the Chief make any claim to a farm which he never had possessed. Evil customs and covetous desires are soon learned. The officers of the Highland regiments mingled in the society which their position entitled them to. They lost the simplicity of manners of their Highland home, and expensive tastes were acquired. Proud, high-spirited were these Highland gentleman. They disdained to cut an inferior figure in the society they were called upon to mingle with. The limited means at their disposal galled them to the quick. the landlords of England revelled in wealth, and made an ostentatious display of it. Why were their estates so barren of supply? When they returned to their native glens they found a teeming population, whose only wealth consisted of loyal hearts and the warm welcome they accorded their Chief on his arrival at his castle. The half-naked kerns with their savage glee at his return home became a disgust to him, while the rent rolls put before him by his factor gave little cause of rejoicing to the debt-embarrassed Chief. There was one way out of his difficulties, but it was a cruel one. Could he face it? Not personally; but then he had willing servants who would do his dirty work and bear the odium, while he reaped the reward.
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The Christian Post
CP CURRENT PAGE: U.S. | SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2020 |
A federal appeals court ruled that bans on therapy for minors struggling with unwanted same-sex attraction violate the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
A federal appeals court on Friday ruled that bans on therapy for minors struggling with unwanted same-sex attraction violate the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
In a 2-1 decision, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit declared unconstitutional two ordinances banning sexual orientation change efforts therapy — which is often derisively called "conversion therapy" — in the city of Boca Raton and Palm Beach County, Florida. The court noted in its decision that in late 2017, Palm Beach County and Boca Raton had joined "a growing list of states and municipalities that prohibit controversial therapies called sexual orientation change efforts."
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The European war in which the Highlanders played so gallant a part had raised the value of the home market for sheep to an enormous extent. The pasture of the Highlands was well adapted for the rearing of sheep, and Lowland and Highland tacksmen with capital were ready to give large rents for sheep farms. But, then, there was the people; what was to be done with them? The whole land was in their possession. The factor said, Why do they not emigrate? The Chief said, Poor ignorant men; why continue to starve in the Highlands when there is such abundance of rich lands in America? But the Highlander loved his native land, and would rather live in penury there than revel in abundance in New Brunswick. The Chiefs worked themselves up into a passion at such obstinacy. Whenever a man wishes to do a wicked thing the prologue to the act is to get into a rage; all the other scenes of the drama are then comparatively easy. They won’t emigrate; they defy me; what assurance! And all his satellites echoed, What ingratitude for all the years the Chief has kept them and their forebears. If they won’t go away peacefully, then they must be evicted from my land. ‘Certainly, your Grace,’ or ‘my Lord,’ cried the factor. ‘The rights of property must be respected. Leave them to me; I know how to break their stubborn Highland spirit.’ Such was the beginning of the first Highland Clearances. It is not our intention to harrow the feelings of our readers by going into all the scenes of cruelty and oppression that characterised these Highland evictions. Enough for our purpose to give a general outline of the whole, and one or two examples to stimulate the curiosity of our countrymen, who can study the question for themselves. We take this example from the Glengarry evictions. The factor had ordered the people to emigrate to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, or Canada. Among those who did not like to leave their native country was – Isaiah Berlin
To read almost any of his work is to read essays that are resolutely uninterested in the political institutions of liberal society. Beyond airy talk of freedom and openness, Berlin was just not interested in exploring the ways in which liberal or democratic political institutions might accommodate the pluralism he thought so important in human life. Invited by his interviewer to consider “What possible support can your theory of pluralism give to the problem of democracy?”—he simply repeated the commonplace that “democracy need not be pluralistic,” indicating, by his immediate focus on that the prospect of the tyranny of the majority, how Berlin‛s own understanding of political theory has inherited philosophy‛s ancient grudge against democracy, nurtured since the trial and execution of Socrates.
‘John Mackinnon, a cottar, aged 44, with a wife and six children, had his house pulled down, and had no place to put his head in. Consequently he and his family for the first night or two had to burrow among rocks near the shore! When he thought that the factor and his party had left the district he emerged from the rocks, surveyed the ruins of his former dwelling. saw his furniture and other effects exposed to the elements, and now scarcely worth the lifting. The demolition was so complete that he considered it utterly impossible to make any use of the ruins of the old house. The ruins of an old chapel, however, were near at hand, and parts of the walls were still standing, and thither Mackinnon proceeded with his family, and having swept away some rubbish and removed some grass and nettles, they placed some cabers up to one of the walls, spread some sails and blankets across, brought in some meadow hay, and laid it in a corner for a bed, stuck a piece of iron into the wall in another corner, on which they placed a crook, then they kindled a fire, washed some potatoes, and put a pot on the fire and boiled them; and when these and a few fish, roasted on the embers, were ready, Mackinnon and his family had one good diet, being the first regular food they tasted since the destruction of their house!
‘Mackinnon is a tall man, but poor and unhealthy looking, His wife is a poor, weak woman, evidently struggling with a diseased constitution and dreadful trials. The boys, Ronald and Archibald, were lying in “bed” (may I call a “pickle” hay on the bare ground a bed?) suffering from rheumatism and colic. The other children are apparently healthy enough as yet, but very ragged. There is no door to their wretched abode, consequently every breeze and gust that blows has free ingress to the inmates. A savage from Terra del Fuego or a Red Indian from beyond the Rocky Mountains would not exchange huts with these victims, nor humanity with their persecutors. Mackinnon’s wife was pregnant when she was turned out of her house among the rocks.
In about four days thereafter she had a premature birth, and this and the exposure to the elements, and the want of proper shelter and nutritious diet, has brought on consumption, from which there is no chance whatever of her recovery. There was something very solemn indeed in this scene. Here, amid the ruins of the old sanctuary, where the swallows fluttered, where the ivy tried to screen the grey, moss-covered stones, where nettles and grass grew up luxuriously, where the floor was damp, the walls sombre and uninviting, where the owl, the bat, and the fox used to take refuge, a Christian family was necessitated to take shelter. One would think that as Mackinnon took refuge amid the ruins of this most singular place that he would be let alone, that he would not any longer be molested by man. But, alas! he was molested. The Manager of Knoydart and him minions appeared and invaded this helpless family, even within the walls of the sanctuary. They pulled down the sticks and sails he set up within the ruins – put his wife and children on the cold shore – threw his tables, stools, chairs, &c., over the walls – burnt up the hay on which they slept – put out the fire – and then left the district. Four times have these officers broken in upon poor Mackinnon in this way, destroying his place of shelter, and sending him and his family adrift on the cold coast of Knoydart. When I looked in upon these creatures last week I found them in utter consternation, having just learned that the officers would appear next day, and would again destroy the huts. The children looked at me as if I had been a wolf; they crept behind their father, and stared wildly, dreading I was a law officer.
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There are the side-effects of the operation on people, often good side-effects, like the educational effects that John Stuart Mill, or in 20th century political theory Carole Pateman, expected from participatory democracy.
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October 14th 2020 edition - The Economist
The monuments disappear in the dark. In April 2017 it was a small bronze plaque from Bangkok’s Royal Plaza. It marked the spot where, in 1932, revolutionaries proclaimed the end of Thailand’s absolute monarchy. In December 2018 a statue was hauled away. It commemorated the defeat of rebels who attempted a coup against those same revolutionaries. Last month activists installed a plaque in the heart of Bangkok’s royal district to protest against the missing monuments. “The people have expressed the intention that this country belongs to the people, and not the king”, it stated. Within a day it was gone.
The world knows Thailand’s King Maha Vajiralongkorn as a playboy who has churned through four wives, lives among lots of women in a German hotel and relishes skimpy crop tops that reveal elaborate temporary tattoos. For Thais, his four-year-old reign has been more sinister.
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The sight was most painful. The very idea that in Christian Scotland, and in the nineteenth century, those tender infants should be subjected to such gross treatment reflects strongly upon our humanity and civilisation. Had they been suffering from the ravages of famine, or pestilence, or war, I could understand it and account for it, but suffering to gratify the ambition of some unfeeling speculator in brute beasts, I think it most unwarranted, and deserving the emphatic condemnation of every Christian man. Had Mackinnon been in arrears of rent, which he was not, even this would not justify the harsh, cruel, and inhuman conduct pursued towards himself and his family. No language of mine can describe the condition of this poor family, exaggeration is impossible. The ruins of an old chapel is the last place in the world to which a poor Highlander would resort with his wife and children, unless he was driven to it by dire necessity.’1
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A new poll by PPRI found that nearly a quarter of Americans say it's also okay to not serve atheists on religious grounds.
When the planets align
When we put the 2472 away Wednesday, I noticed this alignment of the rods today
I think you could call this a rare event
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In Strathglass, Kingtail, Glenelg, Outer Hebrides, Borcraig and Suishinish, South Uist, and Barra the same scenes as we have related were enacted, and hundreds of families were evicted from the home of their fathers, forced to emigrate to a distant shore, though not a few found a grave in the Atlantic.
The people in many cases were totally unfit for the voyage, so that pestilence broke out in many a ship, which was thus eased of its cargo.
Happy, indeed, were they when the waves closed over them, and they were thus freed from the inhumanity of their oppressors.
The process by which the poor people were deluded into emigration was this:-
The factor, taking advantage of their ignorance, got them to sign a contract to emigrate to a nice farm on the other side of the water. Once caught in the snare, the police were called in to enforce the compact, and the people were hunted up like wild animals, and driven on board like a flock of sheep. So much was this the case that the captain of a coasting steamer told us that he frequently got notice from the factor or landlord to call at such and such a place to take up so many families couched in the same language as the order to ship black cattle or sheep. The people were poor and defenceless; they could not even speak the language of their oppressors, and the law was no friend to them; they were the outcasts of society under the law of an alien Government. The most infamous of all the Highland clearances was perpetrated in the County of Sutherland, and that for the self-same selfish ends – sheep paid better than men. The rights of the people were ignored, the letter of the law was on the side of the spoiler, so the people were swept from the face of the earth. An invading army who lays waste the enemy’s country will sometimes spare the houses of the unresisting villagers, but no such sentiment of pity found a place in the breast of the Highland oppressors – the love of gain had obliterated the last spark of human feeling.
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We can only give a few examples of the kind of treatment these God fearing Highland peasants received from the hands of their landlord:-
John Mackay’s wife, Ravigill, in attempting to pull down her house in the absence of her husband, to preserve the timber, fell through the roof. She was in consequence taken in premature labour, and in that state was exposed to the open air and to the view of all bystanders. Donald Munro, Garvott, lying in a fever, was turned out of his house and exposed to the elements. Donald Macbeath, an infirm and bedridden old man, had the house unroofed over him, and was in that state exposed to the wind and rain until death put a period to his sufferings. I was present at the pulling down and burning of the house of William Chisholm, Budinliskin, in which was lying his wife’s mother, an old bedridden woman of nearly 100 years of age, none of the family being present. I informed the persons about to set fire to the house of this circumstance, and prevailed on them to wait until Mr Sellar came. On his arrival I told him of the poor old woman being in a condition unfit for removal, when he replied, “Damn her, the old witch, she has lived too long – let her burn.” Fire was immediately set to the house, and the blankets in which she was carried out were in flames before she could be got out. She was placed in a little shed, and it was with great difficulty they were prevented from firing it also. The old woman’s daughter arrived while the house was on fire, and assisted the neighbours in removing her mother out of the flames and smoke, presenting a picture of horror which I shall never forget, but cannot attempt to describe. Within five days she was a corpse.’2
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MAN KILLED ON HIGHLAND RAILWAY. – A fatal accident occurred on the Highland Railway at Dalnaspidal on Tuesday, a tramp being run down and killed by a night train. Deceased was observed walking on the line, and though the driver sounded his whistle he was unable to attract attention or pull up in time. The unfortunate man, who was badly injured, was picked up unconscious. He expired shortly afterwards. His remains have not been identified. Deceased was aged about 50. He carried a bundle strapped over his shoulder and hawked wire toasters. Elgin Courant, and Morayshire Advertiser, Friday 7th July, 1905, p.5. RSH
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The wholesale destruction of the dwellings of the peasantry, which, be it remembered, were erected by their own hands at their own cost, is thus described –
The consternation and confusion were extreme; little or no time was given for the removal of persons or property; the people striving to remove the sick and the helpless before the fire should reach them; next struggling to save the most valuable of their effects. The cries of the women and children, the roaring of the affrighted cattle, hunted at the same time by the yelling dogs of the shepherds amid the smoke and fire, altogether presented a scene that completely baffles description – it required to be seen to be believed. A dense cloud of smoke enveloped the whole country by day, and even extended far out to sea; at night an awfully grand but terrible scene presented itself – all the houses in an extensive district in flames at once. I myself ascended a height about eleven o’clock in the evening, and counted 250 blazing houses, many of the owners of which were my relations, and all of whom I personally knew, but whose present condition – whether in or out of the flames – I could not tell. The conflagration lasted six days, till the whole of the dwellings were reduced to ashes or smoking ruins. During one of these days a boat actually lost her way in the dense smoke as she approached the shore, but at night was enabled to reach a landing-place by the lurid light of the flames.’3
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AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF CARRIAGE DOORS.
Mr Alexander Hildersley, sanitary engineer, Belfast, has patented a contrivance by which the driver of a locomotive controls the opening of the carriage doors. The inventor claims that if the train is at a standstill in the station, with any or all doors closed, no person can open them but the guard or the driver, the former being independent of the latter in that he will carry a key. If a train is stopped on the line or delayed, no person can leave it unless the doors are thrown open by the driver or opened singly by the guard. This, it is claimed, will prevent accidents, and also obviate against the often fatal custom of opening carriage doors while trains are in motion. The driver, with a half turn of a lever, can, it is said, by steam, air, or vacuum, throw open every door in the train. Thus, before leaving a station the doors are automatically locked, and there will be no temptation to rush the carriages. Mr Hildersley is an Edinburgh boy, and formerly resided at Grove Street, Fountainbridge.
– Edinburgh Evening News, Thursday 6th July, 1905, p.2.
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There was another powerful motive for dealing thus harshly with the people in the Highlands. A new Poor Law had been passed for Scotland, and, like too many other Acts of Parliament which have become law since, was a hasty and ill-considered measure. It was modelled after the English Poor Law, which gave the indigent poor a lien over the estates of the proprietors. The landlords took fright. We must get rid of our poor at all hazards, and drive them into the large towns; the fat and greasy citizens can maintain them; we will not be burdened. the roadside villages, the humble cottars were ruthlessly swept away; what the sheep farmers had spared fell a sacrifice to this new terror. What could these helpless people do in our large cities? They were husbandmen, but there were no fields there to till. Some of their daughters found service, but as most of them had never seen a carpet or a coal fire in their lives, their uncouth habits were ill adapted to the refinement of city life. Some had the fatal dower of beauty, and went to swell the army of unfortunates who minister to the vices of a corrupt age. The town missionary who labours among the lapsed classes is impressed with the large number of Highlandmen to be found in their midst. These men while in their native glens were decent, honest, God-fearing people; in the slums of our large cities they fall into despair, rot in their human sties, and swell the ranks of the criminal classes. The cup of bitterness was now surely full to overflowing to the poor Highlander. But no! yet another evil has fallen upon him. The beauty of his country, the bracing healthy breezes of his mountains have attracted an army of strangers.
These modern Crœsuses, gorged with the spoils of the civilised world and jaded with the enervating luxury of London, require a respite from their eternal round of gaiety. The Queen has her Highland home. It has become the correct thing for these frivolous children of fashion to have a deer forest, a moor to shoot grouse, a river to catch salmon. The bribe they offer to the landlord is enormous; but the land must be cleared; no barelegged Highland peasant must come between the wind and their nobility. All must be swept away but a few ghillies and gamekeepers, and not even the passing tourist can deviate from the highway without being subjected to their insolence.
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Today marks the birthday of 'King Kong' and 'Mighty Joe Young' star Robert Armstrong (November 20, 1890 – April 20, 1973).
A prolific actor who worked on over 100 pictures, he will forever be remembered for his role as daring filmmaker Carl Dehham in the 1933 classic, uttering the film's legendary final line- 'It was beauty killed the Beast'
Armstrong played a similar role in 'Mighty Joe Young', which was Ray Harryhausen's first feature . As promoter Max O'Hara, he is said to have based his energetic performance on the movie's adventurous producer Merian C Cooper.
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The stereotyped answer to all complaints on behalf of the poor people is that the land is too barren to support the population, that it has been marked out by nature for sheep-walks, deer forests, and moors for the cultivation of grouse, and that greater wealth comes to all concerned than if it were loaded with a half-starving peasantry. Now, the lands in the Highlands are peculiar. The patches of good land are scattered all over the country, some far away among the hills. The native population knew these spots, and built their houses there, and raised the crops suitable to their situation, while the neighbouring hills gave pasture to their cattle and sheep. The portion of the world’s goods that came to them was small; their simple pleasures, their pious superstitions, their life of toil, would provoke the derision of the purse-proud sons of the South. But in these glens there was reared a hardy race of men and women, the greatest glory of a nation. Poverty was no barrier to genius, for the Highland clachan had its poet and philosopher, while the hardy mountaineers were ready to swell the ranks of our army and defend the liberties of their country. We have wandered over the mountains and through the glens of Scotland – we have seen the ruined houses that once held a teeming, happy population. A hundred Goldsmiths would find a theme in our deserted villages. All are in ruins. The cry of the plover, the whir of the grouse alone disturb the silence of all around. Man has made a wilderness for his sport; a hardy race have been banished from their native land. Such is the penalty a country pays that consents to be governed by another. Those who laud the blessings of the Union think none of these things. Would these crimes that have been perpetrated in the Highlands have been permitted had Scotland retained her own Parliament and Government? We think not.
1 ‘The Highland Clearances.’ By Alexander Mackenzie, F.S.A. Scot.
2 Ibid. [This story is also related in Donald McLeod’s chapter to Mrs. H. Beecher Stowe.]
3 Ibid.
Canopus
Canopus /kǟɇnoȐpǟs/, also designated α Carinae, Latinised to Alpha Carinae, is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Carina and the second-brightest star in the night sky. With a visual apparent magnitude of −0.74, it is outshone only by Sirius. Located around 310 light-years from the Sun, Canopus is a bright giant of spectral type A9, so it is essentially white when seen with the naked eye. It has a luminosity over 10,000 times the luminosity of the Sun, is eight times as massive, and has expanded to 71 times the Sun's radius. Its enlarged photosphere has an effective temperature of around 7,400 K. Canopus is undergoing core helium burning and is currently in the so-called blue loop phase of its evolution, having already passed through the red-giant branch after exhausting the hydrogen in its core. Canopus is a source of X-rays, which are likely being emitted from its corona.
The prominent appearance of Canopus means it has been the subject of mythological lore among many ancient peoples. Its proper name is generally considered to originate from the mythological Canopus, who was a navigator for Menelaus, king of Sparta. The acronychal rising marked the date of the Ptolemaia festival in Egypt. In ancient India, it was named Agastya after the revered Vedic sage. For Chinese astronomers, it was known as the Old Man of the South Pole.
Legacy
Canopus-class battleship HMS Glory
Canopus appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Goiás.
Two U.S. Navy submarine tenders have been named after Canopus, the first serving from 1922 to 1942 and the second serving from 1965 to 1994.
The Royal Navy built six Canopus-class battleships which entered services between 1899 and 1902, and nine Canopus class ships of the line in the early 19th century.
There are at least two mountains named after the star: Mount Canopus in Antarctica; and Mount Canopus or Canopus Hill in Tasmania, the location of the Canopus Hill astronomical observatory.
Americas
The Navajo observed the star and named it MaȻii BizòȻ, the “Coyote Star”. According to legend, MaȻii (Coyote) took part in the naming and placing of the star constellations during the creation of the universe. He placed Canopus directly south, naming it after himself
Averroes, who used his 1153 observation of Canopus in Marrakesh while the star was invisible in his native Spain as an argument that the earth is round.
The Marriage of the Virgin 1504
Raffaello Sanzio (Raphael) (1483-1520) Italian
The Marriage of the Virgin 1504
Oil on canvas 170 × 118 cm Pinacoteca di Brera, Italy
The painting, dating from 1504, was moved from the Church of San Francesco in Città di Castello to the Pinacoteca in 1805. Raphael painted the Marriage of the Virgin having in mind the altarpiece with the same subject by Perugino, which is conserved at the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Caen. Raphael took inspiration from it, using its composition structure and iconography to obtain a result of incredible and unachievable perfection.
Infrared reflectography reveals a dense set of lines converging on the temple door. These lines define the image perspective system, fully abiding by the recommendations contained in the De prospectiva pingendi (On the Perspective of Painting) by Piero della Francesca. Thanks to this artifice, the temple becomes the visual centre of the composition. The figures are placed in a semicircle, and their position balances the convex line of the architecture, which has been painted with such a precision that scholars have speculated the existence of a wood model.
All elements are connected to each other by mathematical relations of proportion and placed according to a clear, logical hierarchical order, while Perugino had only juxtaposed the composition elements within a correct perspective structure. The realisation of this coherent organism perfectly demonstrate Raphael’s vision. He intended beauty as an abstract order of geometrical representation and thought that artists had the duty of “making things not as Nature makes them, but as Nature should.”
Source by Pinacoteca di Brera, Italy
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It is time to lay my own cards on the table. I think institutions are massively important. Exactly because we disagree in our ethical and political aims, we need to inquire into the structures that house and refine our disputes and the processes that regulate the way we resolve them, how we (in our millions) resolve disagreements over disparate aims that we severally regard as fundamentally important—without degenerating into fighting, driven either by self-interest or worse still by the militias of self-righteousness. First and foremost we need to understand the foundations of democracy; but not only democracy, and not just democracy in a crude undifferentiated sense: we need to understand democratic representation and democratic political parties. We need to theorize the difference between a democratic legislature, a democratic administration, and courts in a democracy. And the difference between different sorts of democratically elected officials: an elected President, elected law-makers, and even (God help us!), in some American states, an elected judiciary. But it is not only democracy. It is our responsibility as theorists of politics to reflect on a broader array of issues about constitutional structure: traditional, even fuddy-duddy topics that I worry we have lost sight of: like federalism and devolution; the choice between unicameral and a bicameral parliament; sovereignty; the separation of powers; checks and balances; the independence of the judiciary; the principle of loyal opposition; and the rule of law. Those are the big ones and there are a bunch of lesser principles too like civilian control of military (think of S.E. Finer‛s great book, The Man on Horseback), the separation of church and state, constitutional monarchy, and the neutrality of the civil service.
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Hows it Gonna Start? Chapter 9.99
State of The Highlands (part 2)
Chapter VII., pp.144-162.
FlikeNoir Scottish History [History of the Highlands]
WE now resume the thread of our historical narrative. During the short reign of Edgar, which lasted nine years, viz. from one thousand and ninety-seven to eleven hundred and six, Scotland appears to have enjoyed repose; but that of his brother and successor, Alexander I., was disturbed in the year eleven hundred and twenty by an insurrection in Moray, under Angus, the grandson of Lulach, who laid claim to the crown. This rising was immediately suppressed by the king in person, who, from the promptitude displayed by him, obtained the appellation of the fierce from his people. The Earl of Moray, ten years afterwards, again took the field for the purpose of overthrowing the government of King David; but the latter having collected all his forces, and being aided by the martial barons of Northumberland, with Walter L’Espec at their head, Angus was completely defeated at Stracathrow, one of the passes in Forfarshire, whither he had advanced with his army.
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GOODS GUARD KILLED AT MARKINCH.
A sad railway tragedy is reported from the Markinch district, a goods guard named Robert Wise (46), in the employment of the North British Railway Company, having been killed on Saturday afternoon during shunting operations on the Auchmuty Branch Railway, in the vicinity of Auchmuty Paper Mill. After having uncoupled the waggons it was supposed he had jumped on the buffer end and overbalanced himself and fallen in front of the waggons, several of which passed over his body. He was killed instantaneously.
– Fife free Press, & Kirkcaldy Guardian, Saturday 8th July, 1905, p.6.
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The next enterprise of any note was undertaken by Somerled, Thane of Argyle and the Isles, against the authority of Malcolm IV.; who, after various conflicts, was repulsed, though not subdued, by Gilchrist, earl of Angus. A peace, concluded with this powerful chieftain in eleven hundred and fifty-three, was considered of such importance as to form an epoch in the dating of Scottish charters. A still more formidable insurrection broke out among the Moray men, under Gildominick, on account of an attempt, on the part of the government, to intrude the Anglo-Norman jurisdiction, introduced into the Lowlands, upon their Celtic customs; and the settling of Anglo-Belgic colonists among them. These insurgents laid waste the neighbouring counties, and so regardless were they of the royal authority, that they actually hanged the heralds who were sent to summon them to lay down their arms. Malcolm despatched the gallant Earl Gilchrist with an army to subdue them, but he was defeated, and forced to recross the Grampians.
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Shocking Fatalities at Palace Colliery.
TWO PERSONS KILLED ON THE RAILWAY.
Two fatalities of a shocking character occurred on the railway at Hamilton Palace Colliery yesterday – both victims meeting their fate by being run down by the same engine, within a hundred yards of each other. The first accident occurred about mid-day, when a little child named Edith Mary Hardie, the 14-months-old daughter of George Hardie, police constable, residing at Hill Place, Palace Colliery Rows, was run over by an engine and waggons, which were engaged in shunting operations on the siding leading into the colliery. It appears that the child had been playing at the door of her father’s house, which stands by the side of the railway, and had wandered unobserved through the open gate on to the lye. A few minutes later she was observed by an elder sister lying on the rails in a shockingly mutilated condition, having evidently been run over by the mineral train, which had just passed. The injured child was attended by Dr. Macpherson, Bothwell, who found that the left foot and the right leg above the knee had been completely severed from the body. The little girl was speedily removed to the Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, in the Hamilton ambulance waggon. Recovery was, however, hopeless, and the child succumbed to her injuries within four hours of the time the accident happened. Less than 100 yards from the same spot, about seven o’clock last night, an orphan lad named Joseph Jardine, 16 years of age, a miner residing at Clyde Place, Palace Colliery Rows, was instantaneously killed by being crushed between the buffers of two waggons loaded with coal, which were being shunted by the same engine. It appears that the young man was on his way to the Public Park for the purpose of engaging in a game of bowls. As a short-cut, he jumped over the railway fence, and crossed the line, but while he was in the act of passing between two waggons his head was shockingly crushed between the buffers. The body was removed to deceased’s lodgings at Clyde Place, where it was examined by Dr. Macpherson, who was of opinion that death must have been instantaneous. Deceased, who was an orphan, leaves no friends in this district – indeed, his only known relative is an elder sister, who is supposed to be a school-teacher somewhere in England.
– Hamilton Herald and Lanarkshire Weekly News, Saturday 8th July, 1905, p.5.
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Vladimir Putin
"Schoolgirl, we're in another school, we have a different headteacher!" - Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu put in place his German counterpart, who urged to speak with Russia from the position of power. Shoigu noted that this is similar to a statement of an offended junior student addressed against students of another school.
We can only add that the last time Germany tried to speak with Moscow from the position of power, it ended with a red flag over the Reichstag. Certainly it’s not up to Germany to say such a thing.
Girl from Germany, you better don't start! Make love, not war!😘
«Школьница, мы в другой школе, у нас другой директор!» Министр обороны России Сергей Шойгу поставил на место свою коллегу из Германии, которая призывала говорить с Россией с позиции силы. Шойгу заметил, что это похоже на заявление обиженной школьницы младших классов, направленное против учеников другой школы.
Добавим только, что когда в последний раз Германия пыталась говорить с Москвой с позиции силы, это закончилось красным флагом над Рейхстагом. Уж точно не Германии говорить такое)
Девушка из Германии, лучше не начинайте! Make love, not war!😘
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This defeat aroused Malcolm, who was naturally of an indolent disposition. About the year eleven hundred and sixty he marched north with a powerful army, and found the enemy on the muir of Urquhart, near the Spey, ready to give him battle. After passing the Spey, the noblemen in the king’s army reconnoitered the enemy; but they found them so well prepared for action, and so flushed with their late success, that they considered the issue of a battle rather doubtful. On this account, the commanders advised the king to enter into a negotiation with the rebels, and to promise, that in the event of a submission their lives would be spared. The offer was accepted, and the king kept his word; but as the Moray men were, as Buchanan says, “Homines inquieto semper ingenio,” men of a factious disposition, his Majesty, by the advice of his nobles, ordained that every family in Moray which had been engaged in the rebellion should, within a limited time, remove out of Moray to other parts of the kingdom, where lands would be assigned to them, and that their places should be supplied with people from other parts of the kingdom. For the performance of this order, they gave hostages, and at the time appointed transplanted themselves, some into the northern, but the greater number into the southern counties.1 Chalmers considers this removal of the Moray men as “an egregious probability,” because “the dispossessing of a whole people is so difficult an operation, that the recital of it cannot be believed without strong evidence;”2 but it is not said that the whole people were removed, and it is very probable that only the ringleaders and their families were transported. The older historians say that the Moray men were (pene internecionem) almost totally cut off in an obstinate battle, and strangers brought into their place; but this statement is at variance with the register of Paisley, and the fact, that while there are very few persons of the name of Murray in Moray, they are numerous in the counties on the English borders, and are to be found in the more northern counties, where some of them have taken the name of Sutherland, favours the account which that writing gives of the transportation of the Moray men.
About this time Somerled, the ambitious and powerful lord of the isles, made another and a last attempt upon the king’s authority. Having collected a large force, chiefly in Ireland, he landed in eleven hundred and sixty-four near Renfrew, the seat of the Steward of Scotland; but he was defeated by the brave inhabitants and the king’s troops in a decisive battle, in which he and his son Gillecolane were slain.
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How is your week going? Как проходит ваша неделя?🌟🌟
Vladimir Putin
Vaccines should be available to everyone on earth. Russia is ready to share its developments with all of mankind. Vladimir Putin encouraged the leaders of G20 countries to unite in fighting the pandemic. Today Russia is the leader in the production of vaccines against coronavirus. Two vaccines have already been registered, one of them is already being used. Russian vaccines will be free for Russian citizens. Now the humanity's challenge is to ensure that all vaccines, that are being developed in the world, are available and are saving people from the pandemic.
Вакцины должны быть доступны каждому человеку на земле. Россия готова делиться своими разработками со всем человечеством. Владимир Путин призвал лидеров стран G20 объединиться для борьбы с пандемией. На сегодняшний день Россия является лидером в производстве вакцин от коронавируса. Две вакцины уже зарегистрированы, одна из них уже применяется. Для россиян российские вакцины будут бесплатны. Теперь задача человечества – чтобы все вакцины, которые разрабатываются в мире, были доступны и спасали людей от пандемии.
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The reign of William the Lion was marked by many disturbances in the Highlands. The Gaëlic population could not endure the new settlers whom the Saxon colonization had introduced among them, and every opportunity was taken to vex and annoy them. At this period, the Gaëlic people rose upon them, and forced them to retire to the towns and castles for shelter. An open insurrection broke out in Ross-shire, which obliged William, in the year eleven hundred and seventy-nine, to march into the north, where he built two garrisons to keep the people in check. He restored quiet for a few years; but in eleven hundred and eightyseven, Donal Bane again renewed his pretensions to the crown, and raised the standard of revolt in the north. He took possession of Ross, and wasted Moray. William lost no time in leading an army against him. While the king lay at Inverness with his army, foraging party under the command of Roland, the brave lord of Galloway, fell in with Donal Bane and his army upon the Mamgarvy moor, on the borders of Moray. A conflict ensued, in which Donal and five hundred of his followers were killed. Roland carried the head of Donal to William, “as a savage sign of returning quiet.” This happened on the fifth of July, eleven hundred and eighty-seven. After this, matters remained pretty quiet in the north till the year eleven hundred and ninety-six, when Harold, the powerful earl of Orkney and Caithness, disturbed its peace. William dispersed the insurgents at once; but they again appeared the following year near Inverness, under the command of Torphin, the son of Harold. The rebels were again over powered. The king seized Harold, and obliged him to deliver up his son, Torphin, as an hostage. Harold was allowed to retain the northern part of Caithness, but the king gave the southern part of it, called Sutherland, to Hugh Freskin, the progenitor of the earls of Sutherland. Harold died in twelve hundred and six; but as he had often rebelled, his son suffered a cruel and lingering death in the castle of Roxburgh, where he had been confined.
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During the year twelve hundred and eleven, a new insurrection broke out in Ross, headed by Guthred, the son of Donal Bane, or McWilliam, as he was called. Great depredations were committed by the insurgents, who were chiefly freebooters from Ireland, the Hebrides, and Lochaber. For a long time they baffled the king’s troops; and although the king built two forts to keep them in check, and took many prisoners, they maintained for a considerable period a desultory and predatory warfare. Guthred even forced one of the garrisons to capitulate, and burnt the castle; but being betrayed by his followers, and delivered up to William Comyng, the Justiciary of Scotland, he was executed in the year twelve hundred and twelve.
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Vladimir Putin
New threats - new responses. Russia, which has nuclear weapons, believes that this serves as the the main deterrent in the world. When Russia is threatened by the approach of NATO bases, it is time to recall that the creation of a new, with almost absolute control point, including strategic nuclear forces, is at the final stage. Its safety margin will be extremely high. Vladimir Putin said this at the meeting with the militaries, but the message was sent far beyond the Russian borders. To those who openly declare a possible nuclear strike on Russia. The new bunker is invulnerable and a retaliatory strike will be inevitable. Let’s live in peace and not provoke conflicts!
Новые угрозы – новые ответы. Россия, обладающая ядерным оружием, полагает, что это основной сдерживающий фактор в мире. Когда России угрожают приближением баз НАТО, самое время вспомнить, что на завершающем этапе находится создание нового, обладающего практически абсолютной защитой пункта управления, в том числе стратегическими ядерными силами. Его запас прочности будет исключительно высоким. Владимир Путин заявил об этом на совещании с военными, но посыл был направлен далеко за пределы российских границ. Тем, кто открыто заявляет о возможном ядерном ударе по России. Новый бункер неуязвим и ответный удар будет неизбежен. Давайте жить в мире и не провоцировать конфликты!
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Shortly after the accession of Alexander II. in twelve hundred and fourteen, the peace of the north was attempted to be disturbed by Donald McWilliam, who made an inroad from Ireland into Moray; but he was repulsed by the tribes of that country, led by McIntagart, the earl of Ross. In twelve hundred and twenty-two, an insurrection broke out in Argyle. Notwithstanding the formidable obstacles which presented themselves from the nature of the country, Alexander carried his army into it, which so alarmed the men of Argyle, that they immediately made their submission. Several of the chiefs fled for safety, and to punish them, the king distributed their lands among his officers, and their followers. During the same year a tumult took place in Caithness, on account of the severity with which the tithes were exacted. Adam, the bishop, after being cruelly scourged, was burnt in his palace of Halkirk. The king, who was at the time at Jedburgh, hearing of this horrid murder, immediately hastened to the north with a military force, and inflicted the punishment of death upon the principal actors in this tragedy, who amounted, it is said, to four hundred persons; and that their race might become extinct, their children were emasculated, a practice very common in these barbarous times. The earl of Caithness, who was supposed to have been privy to the murder, was deprived of his estate, which was afterwards restored to him on payment of a heavy fine. The earl was murdered by his own servants in the year twelve hundred and thirty-one, and in order to prevent discovery, they laid his body into his bed and set fire to the house. In twelve hundred and twenty-eight the country of Moray became the theatre of a new insurrection, headed by a Ross-shire freebooter, named Gillespoc McScolane. He committed great devastations by burning some wooden castles in Moray, and spoiling the crown lands. He even attacked and set fire to Inverness. The king led an army against him, but without success. Next year a larger army of horse and foot, under the command of John Comyn, earl of Buchan, Justiciary of Scotland, was sent against this daring rebel, whom he captured, with his two sons, and sent their heads to the king. Chalmers thinks that it was on this occasion that the king gave the great district of Badenoch to Walter Comyn, the son of the earl of Buchan. Angus, the lord of Argyle, who had usually paid homage to the king of Norway for some of the Hebrides, having refused his homage to the Scottish king, Alexander marched an army against him to enforce obedience, but his Majesty died on his journey in Kerreray, a small island near the coast of Argyle, on the eighth day of July, twelve hundred and forty-nine, in the fifty-first year of his age, and the thirty-fifth of his reign. According to the custom of the times, his son, Alexander III., then a boy only in his eighth year, was seated on the royal chair, or sacred stone of Scone, which stood before the cross, in the eastern division of the chapel. Immediately before his inauguration, the bishop of St Andrews knighted him, by girding him with the belt of knighthood, and explained to him, first in Latin and afterwards in Norman French, the nature of the compact he and his subjects were about to enter into. The crown, after the king had been seated, was placed on his head, and the sceptre put into his hand. He was then covered with the royal mantle, and received the homage of the nobles on their knees, who, in token of submission, threw their robes beneath his feet. On this occasion, agreeably to ancient practice, a Gaëlic sennachy, or bard, clothed in a red mantle, and venerable for his great age and hoary locks, approached the king, and in a bended and reverential attitude, recited, from memory, in his native language, the genealogy of all the Scottish kings, deducing the descent of the youthful monarch from Gathetus, the fabulous founder of the nation.3 The sennachy, after pronouncing his blessing in his native tongue, Beannachdte do Righ Albainn, Alexander, Mac-Alexander, Mac-William, Mac-David, Mac-Malcom, was dismissed with handsome presents. The reign of this prince was distinguished by the entire subjugation of the western islands to the power of the Scottish crown. The Scandinavian settlers were allowed to leave the islands, if inclined, and such of them as remained were bound to observe the Scottish laws. Shortly after the accession of Alexander III., an insurrection broke out against the earl of Ross, of some of the people of that province. The earl apprehended their leader or captain, whom he imprisoned at Dingwall. In revenge, the Highlanders seized upon the earl’s second son at Balnagown, took him prisoner, and detained him as an hostage till their captain should be released. The Monroes and the Dingwalls immediately took up arms, and having pursued the insurgents, overtook them at a place called Bealligh-ne-Broig, between Ferrandonald and Loch Broom, where a bloody conflict ensued. “The Clan Iver, Clan-Talvich, and Clan-Laiwe,” says Sir Robert Gordon, “wer almost uterlie extinguished and slain.” The Monroes and Dingwalls lost a great many men. Dingwall of Kildun, and seven score of the surname of Dingwall, were killed. No less than eleven Monroes of the house of Foulis, who were to succeed one after another, fell, so that the succession of Foulis opened to an infant then lying in his cradle. The earl’s son was rescued, and to requite the service performed, he made various grants of lands to the Monroes and Dingwalls.4
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John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917 - November 22, 1963)
was assassinated on this date 57 years ago. R.I.P.
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No event of any importance appears to have occurred in the Highlands till the time of king Robert Bruce, when he was attacked, after his defeat at Methven, by Stewart, lord of Lorn, who defeated his small army in Strathfillan. But Bruce was determined that Stewart should not long enjoy his petty triumph. Having been joined by his able partizan, Sir James Douglas, he entered the territory of Lorn. On arriving at the narrow pass of Cruachan Ben, between Loch Awe and Loch Etive, Bruce was informed that Stewart had laid an ambuscade for him. As the pass was dangerous, and might be defended by a handful of men against a considerable army, Bruce resolved not to enter the pass at first, but to divide his army into two parts. One of these divisions, consisting entirely of archers who were lightly armed, was placed under the command of Douglas, who was directed to make a circuit round the mountain, and to attack the Highlanders in the rear. As soon as Douglas had gained possession of the ground above the Highlanders, Bruce entered the pass, and, as soon as he had advanced into its narrow gorge he was attacked by the men of Lorn, who, from the surrounding heights, hurled down stones upon him accompanied with loud shouts. They then commenced a closer attack, but, being instantly assailed in the rear by Douglas’ division, and assaulted by the king with great fury in front, they were thrown into complete disorder, and defeated with great slaughter. Stewart, who was, during the action, on board a small vessel in Loch Etive, waiting the result, took refuge in his castle of Dunstaffnage. After ravaging the territory of Lorn, and giving it up to indiscriminate plunder, Bruce laid siege to the castle, which, after a slight resistance, was surrendered by the lord of Lorn, who swore homage to the king; but John, the son of the chief, refused to submit, and took refuge in England.
Vladimir Putin
Russia is completing the deployment of peacekeepers in Karabakh. Only Russian intervention stopped the war. When third forces come to the former territories of the USSR, they make discord and provoke violence. When Russia returns to the zone of historical interests, the peace comes. Russia's neighbors must remember that Russia doesn’t need wars at the borders. Therefore, as long as it is strong, it will protect its neighbors and bring peace to them. If Russia weakens, no one will protect its neighbors, including from themselves. Therefore, a strong Russia is a key to stability in the post-Soviet space. Outsiders please don’t provoke Russia!
Россия завершает размещение миротворцев в Карабахе. Только вмешательство России остановило войну. Когда на бывшие территории СССР приходят третьи силы, они сеют раздор и провоцируют насилие. Когда в зону исторических интересов возвращается Россия, наступает мир. Соседи России должны помнить, что ей не нужны войны у границ. Поэтому, пока она сильна, она будет защищать соседей и нести им мир. Если Россия ослабнет, никто соседей не защитит, в том числе и от них самих. Поэтому сильная Россия - залог стабильности на постсоветском пространстве. Посторонних просим Россию не провоцировать!
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During the civil wars among the competitors for the Scottish crown, and those under Wallace and Bruce for the independence of Scotland, the Highlanders scarcely ever appear as participators in those stirring scenes which developed the resources, and called forth the chivalry of Scotland; but we are not to infer from the silence of history that they were less alive than their southern countrymen to the honour and glory of their country, or that they did not contribute to secure its independence. General Stewart says that eighteen Highland chiefs5 fought under Robert Bruce at Bannockburn; and as these chiefs would be accompanied by their vassals, it is fair to suppose that Highland prowess lended its powerful aid to obtain that memorable victory which secured Scotland from the dominion of a foreign yoke.
After Robert Bruce had asserted the independence of his country by the decisive battle of Bannockburn, the whole kingdom, with the exception of some of the western islands, under John of Argyle, the ally of England, submitted to his authority. He, therefore, undertook an expedition against those isles, in which he was accompanied by Walter, the hereditary highsteward of Scotland, his son-in-law, who, by his marriage with Marjory, King Robert’s daughter, laid the foundation of the Stewart dynasty. To avoid the necessity of doubling the Mull of Kintyre, which was a dangerous attempt for the small vessels then in use, Robert sailed up Loch-Fine to Tarbet with his fleet, which he dragged across the narrow isthmus between the lochs of East and West Tarbet, by means of a slide of smooth planks of trees laid parallel to each other. It had long been a superstitious belief amongst the inhabitants of the Western Islands, that they should never be subdued till their invader sailed across this neck of land, and it is said that Robert was thereby partly induced to follow the course he did to impress upon the minds of the islanders a conviction that the time of their subjugation had arrived. The islanders were quickly subdued, and John of Lorn, who, for his services to Edward of England, had been invested with the title of Admiral of the Western fleet of England, was captured and imprisoned first in Dumbarton castle, and afterwards in the castle of Lochleven, where he died. The feeble and effeminate reign of David II. was disturbed by another revolt by the lord of the Isles, who was backed in his attempt to throw off his dependence by a great number of the Highland chiefs. David, with “an unwonted energy of character, commanded the attendance of the steward, with the prelates and barons of the realm, and surrounded by this formidable body of vassals and retainers, proceeded against the rebels in person. The expedition was completely successful. The rebel prince, John of the Isles, with a numerous train of those wild Highland chieftains who followed his banner, and had supported him in his attempt to throw off his dependence, met the king at Inverness, and submitted to his authority. He engaged in the most solemn manner, for himself and his vassals, that they should yield themselves faithful and obedient subjects to David, their liege lord; and not only give due and prompt obedience to the ministers and officers of the king in suit and service, as well as in the payment of taxes and public burdens, but that they would coerce and put down all others, of whatever rank or degree, who dared to raise themselves in opposition to the royal authority, and would compel them either to submit, or would pursue and banish them from their territories:
for the fulfilment of which obligation the lord of the Isles not only gave his own oath, under the penalty of forfeiting his whole principality if it was broken, but offered the high-steward, his father-in-law, as his security, and delivered his lawful son, Donald, his grandson, Angus, and his natural son, also named Donald, as hostages for the strict performance of the articles of the treaty.”6 The deed by which John of the Isles bound himself to the performance of these stipulations is dated fifteenth November, thirteen hundred and sixty-nine.7
Vladimir Putin
Peace in Karabakh!
Vladimir Putin managed to stop the war and convince the leaders of Azerbaijan and Armenia to sign the agreement.
Russian peacekeepers are already taking up positions in the area of the recent conflict. They will be there for at least five years. Russia and Turkey agreed to monitor the situation in the area. Occupied territories in Karabakh will remain under the control of Azerbaijan. Armenia will have a corridor to the Karabakh enclave.
In this lose-lose situation, only Russia managed to find a balance and force the parties to stop military operations. Russia wants peace at its borders and good relations with all neighbors.
Мир в Карабахе!
Владимиру Путину удалось остановить войну и убедить лидеров Азербайджана и Армении подписать соглашение.
Российские миротворцы уже занимают позиции в районе недавнего конфликта. Они будут там находиться минимум пять лет. Россия и Турция согласились мониторить ситуацию в районе. Под контролем Азербайджана останутся занятые территории в Карабахе. Армении - коридор к карабахскому анклаву.
В этой патовой ситуации только России удалось найти баланс и заставить стороны прекратить боевые действия. Россия хочет спокойствия у своих границ и хороших отношений со всеми соседями.
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To enable him the better to succeed in reducing the inhabitants of the Highlands and islands to the obedience of the laws, it is stated by an old historian,8 that David used artifice by dividing the chiefs, and promising high rewards to those who should slay or capture their brother chiefs. The writer says that this diabolical plan, by implanting the seeds of disunion and war amongst the chiefs, succeeded; and that they gradually destroyed one another, a statement, to say the least of it, highly improbable. Certain it is, however, that it was in this reign that the practice of paying manrent began, when the powerful wished for followers, and the weak wanted protection, a circumstance which shows that the government was too weak to afford protection to the oppressed, or to quell the disputes of rival clans.
In the year thirteen hundred and thirty-three9 John Monroe, the tutor of Foulis, in travelling homeward, on his journey from Edinburgh to Ross, stopped on a meadow in Stratherdale that he and his servants might get some repose. While they were asleep, the owner of the meadow cut off the tails of their horses. Being resolved to wipe off this insult, he, immediately on his return home to Ross, summoned his whole kinsmen and followers, and, after informing them how he had been used, craved their aid to revenge the injury. The clan, of course, complied; and, having selected three hundred and fifty of the best and ablest men among them, he returned to Stratherdale, which he wasted and spoiled; killed some of the inhabitants, and carried off their cattle. In passing by the isle of Moy, on his return home, Macintosh, the chief of the clan Chattan, being urged by some person who bore Monroe a grudge, sent a message to him demanding a share of the spoil. This was customary among the Highlanders when a party drove cattle which had been so taken through a gentleman’s land, and the part so exacted was called a Staoig Rathaid, or Staoig Creich, that is, a Road Collop. Monroe, not being disposed to quarrel, offered Macintosh a reasonable share, but this he was advised not to accept, and demanded the half of the booty. Monroe refused to comply with such an unreasonable demand, and proceeded on his journey. Macintosh, determined to enforce compliance, immediately collected his clansmen, and went in pursuit of Monroe, whom he overtook at Clach-na-Haire, near Inverness. As soon as Monroe saw Macintosh approaching, he sent home five of his men to Ferrindonald with the cattle, and prepared for action. But Macintosh paid dearly for his rapacity and rashness, for he and the greater part of his men were killed in the conflict. Several of the Monroes also were slain, and John Monroe himself was left for dead in the field of battle, and might have died if the predecessor of Lord Lovat had not carried him to his house in the neighbourhood, where he was cured of his wounds. One of his hands was so mutilated, that he lost the use of it the remainder of his life, on which account he was afterwards called John Bac-laimh, or Ciotach.10 The Monroes had great advantage of the ground by taking up a position among rocks, from which they annoyed the Mackintoshes with their arrows.
Besides the feuds of the clans in the reign of David II. the Highlands appear to have been disturbed by a formidable insurrection against the government, for, in a parliament which was held at Scone, in the year thirteen hundred and sixty-six, a resolution was entered into to seize the rebels in Argyle, Athole, Badenoch, Lochaber and Ross, and all others who had risen up against the royal authority, and to compel them to submit to the laws. The chief leaders in this commotion (of which the bare mention in the parliamentary record is the only account which has reached us) were the Earl of Ross, Hugh de Ross, John of the Isles, John of Lorn, and John de Haye, who were all summoned to attend the parliament and give in their submission, but they all refused to do so in the most decided manner; and as the government was too weak to compel them, they were suffered to remain independent. In the year thirteen hundred and eighty-six a feud having taken place between the clan Chattan and the Camerons, a battle took place in which a great number of the clan Chattan were killed, and the Camerons were nearly cut off to a man. The occasion of the quarrel was this. The lands of Mackintosh11 in Lochaber, were possessed by the Camerons, who were so tardy in the payment of their rents that Mackintosh was frequently obliged to levy them by force by carrying off his tenants’ cattle. The Camerons were so irritated at having their cattle poinded and taken away, that they resolved to make reprisals, preparatory to which they marched into Badenoch to the number of about four hundred men, under the command of Charles Macgilony. As soon as Mackintosh became acquainted with this movement he called his clan and friends, the Macphersons and Davidsons, together. His force was superior to that of the Camerons, but a dispute arose among the chiefs which almost proved fatal to them. To Mackintosh, as captain of the clan Chattan, the command of the centre of the army was assigned with the consent of all parties; but a difference took place between Cluny and Invernahavon, each claiming the command of the right wing. Cluny demanded it as the chief of the ancient clan Chattan, of which the Davidsons of Invernahavon were only a branch; but Invernahavon contended, that to him, as the oldest branch, the command of the right wing, belonged according to the custom of the clans. The Camerons came up during this quarrel about precedency, on which Mackintosh, as umpire, decided against the claim of Cluny. This was a most imprudent award, as the Macphersons exceeded both the Mackintoshes and Davidsons in numbers, and they were, besides, in the country of the Macphersons. These last were so offended at the decision of Mackintosh, that they withdrew from the field, and became, for a time, spectators of the action. The battle soon commenced, and was fought with great obstinacy. Many of the Mackintoshes, and almost all the Davidsons, were cut off by the superior number of the Camerons. The Macphersons seeing their friends and neighbours almost overpowered, could no longer restrain themselves, and friendship got the better of their wounded pride.12 They, therefore, at this perilous crisis, rushed in upon the Camerons, who, from exhaustion and the loss they had sustained, were easily defeated. The few that escaped, with their leader, were pursued from Invernahavon, the place of battle, three miles above Ruthven, in Badenoch. Charles Macgilony was killed on a hill in Glenbenchir, which was long called Torr-Thearlaich, i.e. Charles’-hill.13
Vladimir Putin
Refugees can and should return to Syria!
Vladimir Putin held a video call with Bashar al-Assad. Civil war and ISIS aggression created unbearable conditions for civilians. But now, after the defeat of terrorist groups, life in Syria is improving. The flashpoint of terrorism has been destroyed. Now the main task is to return refugees to their homes. An international conference on this issue will be held soon.
Беженцы могут и должны вернуться в Сирию!
Владимир Путин провёл по видеосвязи разговор с Башаром Асадом. Гражданская война и агрессия ИГИЛ создали невыносимые условия для мирных жителей. Но теперь после разгрома террористических группировок жизнь в Сирии налаживается. Очаг терроризма уничтожен. Теперь главная задача - возвращение беженцев в свои дома. Международная конференция по этому вопросу скоро состоится.
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In the opinion of Shaw, this quarrel about precedency was the origin of the celebrated judicial conflict, which took place on the North Inch of Perth, before Robert III., his queen, Annabella Drummond, and the Scottish nobility, and some foreigners of distinction, in the year one thousand three hundred and ninety-six, and of which a variety of accounts have been given by our ancient historians. The parties to this combat were the Macphersons, properly the clan Chattan, and the Davidsons of Invernahavon, called in the Gaëlic Clann-Dhaibhidh, and commonly pronounced Clann-Chai. The Davidsons were not, as some writers have supposed, a separate clan, but a branch of the clan Chattan. These rival tribes had for a long period kept up a deadly enmity at one another, which was difficult to be restrained; but after the award by Mackintosh against the Macphersons, that enmity broke out into open strife, and for ten years the Macphersons and the Davidsons carried on a war of extermination and kept the country in an uproar.
To put an end to these disorders, Robert III. sent Dunbar earl of Moray, and Lindsay of Glenesk, afterwards earl of Crawfurd, two of the leading men of the kingdom, to endeavour to effect an amicable arrangement between the contending parties; but having failed in their attempt, they proposed that the differences should be decided in open combat before the king. “The ideas of chivalry, the factitious principles of that singular system of manners from which we derive our modern code of honour, had hitherto made little progress amongst them (the Highlanders;) but the more intimate intercourse between the northern and southern portions of the kingdom, and the residence of the lowland barons amongst them, appear to have introduced a change; and the notions of the Norman knights becoming more familiar to the fierce mountaineers, they adopted the singular idea of deciding their quarrel by a combat of thirty against thirty. This project, instead of discouragement, met with the warm approval of government, who were happy that a scheme should have suggested itself, by which there was some prospect of the leaders in those fierce and endless disputes being cut off.”14 A precedent had occurred in Robert the First’s time, when Hugh Hardinge fought William de Saintlowe, on the North Inch of Perth, in the royal presence. The same ground was now fixed on, and the Monday before Michaelmas was the day appointed for the combat. According to Sir Robert Gordon, who is followed by Sir Robert Douglas and Mr Mackintosh, it was agreed that no weapon but the broad sword was to be employed, but Wyntoun, who lived about the time, adds bows, battle-axes, and daggers.
“All thai entrit in Barreris,
With Bow and Axe, Knyf and Swerd,
To deal amang them thair last Werd.”
The chronicler is borne out by Bower, in regard to the bow at least. The numbers on each side have been variously reported. By mistaking the word triceni, used by Boece and Buchanan for treceni, some writers have multiplied them to three hundred. Bower, the continuator of Fordun and Wyntoun, however, mention expressly sixty in all, or thirty on either side. On the appointed day the combatants made their appearance on the North Inch of Perth, to decide in presence of the king, his queen, and a large concourse of the nobility, their respective claims to superiority. Barriers had been erected on the ground to prevent the spectators from encroaching, and the king and his party took their stations upon a platform from which they could easily view the combat. At length the warriors, armed with sword and target, bows and arrows, short knives and battle-axes, advanced within the barriers, and eyed one another with looks of deadly revenge. When about to engage, a circumstance occurred which postponed the battle, and had well-nigh prevented it altogether. According to some accounts, one of the Macphersons fell sick; but Bower says, that when the troops had been marshalled, one of the Macphersons, panic-struck, slipped through the crowd, plunged into the Tay and swam across, and, though pursued by thousands, effected his escape.15 Sir Robert Gordon merely observes, that, “at their entrie into the feild, the clan Chattan lacked one of their number, who wes privilie stolne away, not willing to be pertaker of so deir a bargane.” A man being now wanting on one side, a pause ensued, and a proposal was made that one of the Davidsons should retire, that the number on both sides might be equal, but they refused. As the combat could not proceed from this inequality of numbers, the king was about to break up the assembly, when a diminutive and crooked, but fierce man, named Henry Wynd, a Burgher of Perth, a foundling reared in the hospital of the burgh, and an armourer by trade, sprung within the barriers, and, as related by Bower, thus addressed the assembly: “Here am I. Will any one fee me to engage with these hirelings in this stage play? For half a mark will I try the game, provided, if I escape alive, I have my board of one of you so long as I live. Greater love, as it is said, hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends. What then shall be my reward, who stake my life for the foes of the common wealth and realme.” This demand of Gow Crom, “Crooked Smith,” as Henry was familiarly styled, adds Bower, was granted by the king and nobles. A murderous conflict now began. The armourer bending his bow, and sending the first arrow among the opposite party, killed one of them. After showers of arrows had been discharged on both sides, the combatants with fury in their looks and revenge in their hearts, rushed upon one another, and a terrific scene ensued which appalled the heart of many a valorous knight who witnessed the bloody tragedy. The violent thrusts of the daggers, and the tremendous gashes inflicted by the two-handed swords and battle-axes, hastened the work of butchery and death. “Heads were cloven asunder, limbs were lopped from the trunk. The meadow was soon flooded with blood, and covered with dead and wounded men.”16
After the crooked armourer had killed his man, as already related from Bower, it is said that he either sat down or drew aside, which being observed by the leader of Cluny’s band, he asked his reason for thus stopping; on which Wynd said,
“Because I have fulfilled my bargain, and earned my wages.”
– “The man,” exclaimed the other,
“who keeps no reckoning of his good deeds, without reckoning shall be repaid,”
an observation which tempted the armourer to earn, in the multiplied deaths of his opponents, a sum exceeding by as many times the original stipulation. This speech of the leader has been formed into the Gaelic adage,
“Am fear nach cunntadh rium Cha chunntainn ris,”
which Mackintosh thus renders,
“The man that reckons not with me I will not reckon with him.”
Victory at last declared for the Macphersons, but not until twenty-nine of the Davidsons had fallen prostrate in the arms of death. Nineteen of Cluny’s men also bit the dust, and the remaining eleven, with the exception of Henry Wynd, who by his excellence as a swordsman had mainly contributed to gain the day, were all grievously wounded. The survivor of the clan Kay escaped unhurt. Mackintosh, following Buchanan, relates, that this man, after all his companions had fallen, threw himself into the Tay, and making the opposite bank, escaped; but this is an improbable story, and is most likely a new version of Bower’s account of the affrighted champion before the commencement of the action, which seems to have been metamorphosed by the genius of fiction into a concluding embellishment.
Vladimir Putin
New icebreakers, with no analogues in the world!
Vladimir Putin participated in the flag-raising ceremony on one of the world's most powerful diesel-electric icebreakers named “Viktor Chernomyrdin”. It can carry out new missions in the Arctic and Antarctic. Named after Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, who died 10 years ago, this icebreaker has become one of the important stages in the revival of the industry. As Putin noted, the experience of the head of the Soviet era helped Chernomyrdin not to allow destruction of the country's economic potential in the difficult 90s after the collapse of the USSR. Putin emphasized: it is very symbolic that the Chernomyrdin icebreaker was built at the Russian shipyards by the Russian specialists. And already, according to Putin, new series of diesel and nuclear icebreakers are being developed in Russia, which have no analogues in the world.
Новые ледоколы, аналогов которым нет в мире!
Владимир Путин участвовал в церемонии спуска на воду одного из самых мощных в мире дизель-электрических ледоколов «Виктор Черномырдин». Новые миссии он способен выполнять во льдах Арктики и Антарктики. Названный в честь скончавшегося 10 лет назад премьер-министра России Виктора Черномырдина, ледокол стал одним из важных этапов возрождения отрасли. Как отметил Путин, опыт руководителя ещё советской эпохи помог Черномырдину не позволить уничтожить экономический потенциал страны в трудные 90-е годы после распада СССР. Путин подчеркнул: очень символично, что ледокол имени Черномырдина был построен на российских верфях российскими специалистами. И уже сейчас, по словам Путина, в России разрабатываются новые серии дизельных и атомных ледоколов, аналогов которым в мире нет.
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The leader of the clan Kay or Davidsons, is called by Bower Schea-beg, and by Wyntoun, Scha-Ferquharis son. Boetius, who superintended the press in the first edition of his work, calls him Stratberge. These three authors agree in calling the leader of the opposite force Christi-Jonson, for Boece does not differ from the others, except by using the Gaëlic form of Jonson, viz. Mac-lain. “Shaw Macintosh,” as Sir Robert Douglas styles him, or Shaw Oig, as he is also called by Sir Robert, is, by this genealogist, stated to have been uncle of Lachlan Mackintosh, captain of the Clan Chattan, in right of his paternal grandmother, and to have commanded the Clan Chattan. But are we to believe Sir Robert in opposition to the united testimony of Wyntoun, Bower, and Boetius? Who Christi-Mac-lain, or Christi-Jonson was genealogically, we are not informed, but one thing is pretty clear, that he, not Schea-beg, or Shaw Oig, for these are obviously one and the same, commanded the ClanChattan, or “Clann-a-Chait.” Both the principals seem to have been absent or spectators merely of the battle, and as few of the leading men of the clan, it is believed, were parties in the combat, the savage policy of the government, which, it is said, had taken this method to rid itself of the chief men of the clan, by making them destroy one another, was completely defeated. This affair seems to have produced a good effect, as the Highlanders remained quiet for a considerable time thereafter.
The disorders in the Highlands occasioned by the feuds of the clans, were, about the period in question, greatly augmented by Alexander of Badenoch, fourth son of Robert II., whom he had constituted Lieutenant or governor from the limits of Moray to the Pentland Firth. This person, from the ferocity of his disposition, obtained the appropriate appellation of “the Wolf of Badenoch.” Avaricious, as well as cruel, the Wolf seized upon the lands of Alexander Barr, bishop of Moray, and as he persisted in keeping violent possession of them, he was excommunicated. The sentence of excommunication not only proved unavailing, but tended to exasperate the lord of Badenoch to such a degree of fury, that, in the month of May thirteen hundred and ninety, he descended from his heights, and burnt the town of Forres, with the choir of the church, and the manse of the archdeacon. And in June following, he burnt the town of Elgin, the church of St Giles, the hospital of Maison Dieu, and the cathedral, with eighteen houses of the canons and chaplains in the college of Elgin. He also plundered these churches of their sacred utensils and vestments, which he carried off. For this horrible sacrilege the Lord of Badenoch was prosecuted, and obliged to make due reparation. Upon making his submission he was absolved by Walter Trail, bishop of St Andrews, in the church of the Black friars in Perth. He was first received at the door, and afterwards before the high altar, in presence of the king, (Robert III. his brother,) and many of the nobility, on condition that he should make full satisfaction to the bishop of Moray, and obtain absolution from the pope.17
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Vladimir Putin
The Russian vaccines finished the trial period. But it seems not everyone is glad about it.
As soon as Hungary declared desire to buy the Russian vaccine against coronavirus, the European Union leaders prohibited to use it.
Lives of people? Who cares! The main thing - the profit of the pharmaceutical companies and political interests. Russia has already registered two vaccines. Tests are coming to the end. In the end of the year we will be able to save the world from covid. But officials of the European Union will better lock the countries on quarantine, than cooperate with Russia. Have you even asked the people of Europe?
Российские вакцины завершают период испытаний. Но, похоже, не все этому рады.
Как только Венгрия заявила о желании приобрести российскую вакцину от коронавируса, руководство Евросоюза указала ей на недопустимость этого.
Жизни людей? Да наплевать! Главное - прибыль фармацевтических компаний и политические интересы. Россия уже зарегистрировала две вакцины. Испытания завершаются. В конце года уже мы сможем избавить мир от ковида. Но чиновники Евросоюза лучше запрут свои страны на карантин, чем будут сотрудничать с Россией. А народ Европы вы спрашивали?
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The lord of Badenoch had a natural son, named Duncan Stewart, who inherited the vices of his father. Bent upon spoliation and bloodshed, and resolved to imitate the barbarous exploits which his father had just been engaged in, he collected a vast number of Catherans, armed only with the sword and target, and with these he descended from the range of hills which divides the county of Aberdeen and Forfar, devastated the country, and murdered the inhabitants indiscriminately. A force was instantly collected by Sir Walter Ogilvy, sheriff of Angus, Sir Patrick Gray, and Sir David Lindsay of Glenesk, to oppose him, and although inferior in numbers, they attacked Stewart and his party of freebooters at Gasklune, near the water of Ila. A desperate conflict took place, which was of short duration. The Catherans fought with determined bravery, and soon overpowered their assailants. The sheriff, his brother, Wat of Lichtoune, Young of Ouchterlony, the lairds of Cairncross, Forfar, and Guthry, and sixty of their followers, were slain. Sir Patrick Gray and Sir David Lindsay were severely wounded, and escaped with difficulty. Winton has preserved an anecdote illustrative of the fierceness of the Highlanders. Lindsay had run one of them, a strong and brawny man, through the body with a spear, and brought him to the earth; but although in the agonies of death, he writhed himself up, and with the spear sticking in his body, struck Lindsay a desperate blow with his sword, which cut him through the stirrup and boot into the bone, on which he instantly fell and expired.18
Following chronological exactness, the following occurrence should have been previously related, had not a necessary connexion existed between the history of the battle on the North Inch of Perth, and the account which precedes it. Nicolas, Earl of Sutherland, had a feud with Y-Mackay of Far, in Strathnaver, Chief of the Clanwig-worgm, and his son Donald Mackay, in which many lives were lost, and great depredations committed on both sides. In order to put an end to this difference, the Earl proposed a meeting of the parties at Dingwall, to be held in presence of the Lord of the Isles, his father-in-law, and some of the neighbouring gentry, the friends of the two families. The meeting having been agreed to, the parties met at the appointed time, and took up their residence in the Castle of Dingwall in apartments allotted for them. A discussion then took place between the Earl and Mackay, regarding the points in controversy, in which high and reproachful words were exchanged, which so incensed the Earl, that he killed Mackay and his son with his own hands. Having with some difficulty effected his escape from the followers and servants of the Mackays, he immediately returned home and prepared for defence, but the Mackays were too weak to take revenge. This event took place in the year thirteen hundred and ninety-five. The matter was in some degree reconciled between Robert, the successor of Nicolas, and Angus Mackay, the eldest son of Donald.19
Some years after this event a serious conflict took place between the inhabitants of Sutherland and Strathnaver, and Malcolm Macleod of the Lewis, which arose out of the following circumstances. Angus Mackay above mentioned, had married a sister of Malcolm Macleod, by whom he had two sons, Angus Dow, and Roriegald. On the death of Angus, Houcheondow Mackay, a younger brother, became tutor to his nephews, and entered upon the management of their lands. Malcolm Macleod, understanding that his sister, the widow of Angus, was ill treated by Houckeondow, went on a visit to her, accompanied by a number of the choicest men of his country, with the determination of vindicating her cause either by entreaty or by force. He appears not to have succeeded in his object, for he returned homeward greatly discontented, and in revenge laid waste Strathnaver and a great part of the Breachat in Sutherland, and carried off booty along with him. As soon as Houcheon Dow and his brother Neill Mackay learnt this intelligence, they acquainted Robert, Earl of Sutherland, between whom and Angus Mackay a reconciliation had been effected, who immediately despatched Alexander Ne-Shrem-Gorme (Alexander Murray of Cubin,) with a number of stout and resolute men, to assist the Mackays. They followed Macleod with great haste, and overtook him at Tuttim-Turwigh, upon the marches between Ross and Sutherland. The pursuing party at first at tempted to recover the goods and cattle which had been carried off, but this being opposed by Macleod and his men, a desperate conflict ensued, in which great valour was displayed on both sides. It “was long, furious, cruel, and doubtful,” says Sir Robert Gordon, and was “rather desperate than resolute,” as the same author quaintly observes. At last the Lewismen, with their commander, Malcolm Macleod, nick-named Gilealm Beg McBowen, were slain, and the goods and cattle were recovered. One man alone of Macleod’s party, who was sorely wounded, escaped to bring home the sorrowful news to the Lewis, which he had scarcely delivered when he expired.20
Vladimir Putin
Let's move the missiles away from our borders!
Vladimir Putin made a new proposal to Washington in order to avoid an arms race: Russia is ready to remove its intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles deep into its territory, beyond the Urals. But in exchange, he asks NATO countries to do the same: remove missiles and missile defense systems from Russian borders. We deploy missiles only on our territory, and for the past 30 years, Washington has only brought its missiles closer to our borders. We do not have missiles in Mexico, but the United States has missiles in Poland. Poland shares borders with Russia, so missiles are aimed at us. We are forced to target Poland... It could go a long way.
Putin suggested starting de-escalation and returning to previous treaties. We do not want to turn Europe into a battlefield. Russia wants to preserve Europe. What does Washington want?
Давайте отодвинем ракеты от наших границ!
Владимир Путин сделал Вашингтону новое предложение, чтобы избежать гонку вооружений: Россия готова убрать свои ракеты средней и меньшей дальности вглубь своей территории, за Урал. Но в обмен просит и страны НАТО сделать то же самое: убрать ракеты и системы ПРО от российских границ. Мы размещаем ракеты только на своей территории, а Вашингтон последние 30 лет только приближал свои ракеты к нашим границам. У нас нет ракет в Мексике, а у США есть ракеты в Польше. Польша граничит с Россией, ракеты нацелены на нас. Мы вынуждены нацелить ракеты на Польшу... Это может далеко зайти.
Путин предложил начать деэскалацию и вернуться к прежним договорам. Мы же не хотим превратить Европу в поле боя. Россия хочет сохранить Европу. А чего хочет Вашингтон?
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These feuds were followed by a formidable insurrection in fourteen hundred and eleven by Donald, Lord of the Isles, of such a serious nature as to threaten a dismemberment of the kingdom of Scotland. The origin of this rebellion arose out of the following circumstances. The male succession to the Earldom of Ross having become extinct, the honours of the Peerage devolved upon a female, Euphemia Ross, wife of Sir Walter Lesley. Of this marriage there were two children, Alexander, afterwards Earl of Ross, and Margaret afterwards married to the Lord of the Isles. Earl Alexander married a daughter of the Duke of Albany. Euphemia, Countess of Ross, was the only issue of this marriage, but becoming a nun she resigned the earldom of Ross in favour of her uncle John Stewart, Earl of Buchan. The Lord of the Isles conceiving that the Countess, by renouncing the world, had forfeited her title and estate, and, moreover, that she had no right to dispose thereof, claimed both in right of Margaret his wife. The duke of Albany, governor of Scotland, at whose instigation the Countess had made the renunciation, of course refused to sustain the claim of the prince of the islands. The Lord of the Isles then raised the standard of revolt; and having formed an alliance with England, from whence he was to be supplied with a fleet far superior to the Scottish, he, at the head of an army of ten thousand men, fully equipped and armed after the fashion of the islands with bows and arrows, pole-axes, knives, and swords, burst like a torrent upon the Earldom and carried every thing before him. He, however, received a temporary check at Dingwall, where he was attacked with great impetuosity by Angus Dubh Mackay of Farr, or Black Angus, as he was called, but Angus was taken prisoner, and his brother Roderic Gald and many of his men were killed.
Flushed with the progress he had made, Donald now resolved to carry into execution a threat he had often made to burn the town of Aberdeen. For this purpose he ordered his army to assemble at Inverness, and summoned all the men capable of bearing arms in the Boyne, and the Enzie, to join his standard on his way south. This order being complied with, the Lord of the Isles marched through Moray without opposition. He committed great excesses in Strathbogie and in the district of Garioch, which belonged to the earl of Mar. The inhabitants of Aberdeen were in dreadful alarm at the near approach of this marauder and his fierce hordes; but their fears were allayed by the speedy appearance of a well equipped army, commanded by the earl of Mar, who bore a high military character, assisted by many brave knights and gentlemen in Angus and the Mearns. Among these were Sir Alexander Ogilvy, sheriff of Angus, Sir James Scrymgeour, constable of Dundee and hereditary standard bearer of Scotland, Sir William de Abernethy of Salton, nephew to the duke of Albany, Sir Robert Maule of Panmure, Sir Alexander Irvine of Drum, and Sir Robert Melville. The Earl was also joined by Sir Robert Davidson, the Provost of Aberdeen, and a party of the burgesses. Advancing from Aberdeen, Mar marched by Inverury, and descried the Highlanders stationed at the village of Harlaw, on the water of Ury near its junction with the Don. Mar soon saw that he had to contend with tremendous odds, but although his forces were, it is said, as one to ten to that opposed to him, he resolved, from the confidence he had in his steel clad knights, to risk a battle. Having placed a small but select body of knights and men-at-arms in front, under the command of the constable of Dundee and the sheriff of Angus, the Earl drew up the main strength of his army in the rear, including the Murrays, the Straitons, the Maules, the Irvings, the Lesleys, the Lovels, the Stirlings, headed by their respective chiefs. The Earl then placed himself at the head of this body. At the head of the Islesmen and Highlanders was the Lord of the Isles, subordinate to whom were Mackintosh and Maclean and other Highland chiefs, all bearing the most deadly hatred to their Saxon foes, and panting for revenge.
Vladimir Putin
Hopefully we wouldn’t catch a cold at the funeral of those who wish harm to Russia.
Vladimir Putin felt concern about the enemies - if they get upset because of every success of Russia, there will be not enough health for them. While they dream of the collapse and death of Russia, Russia develops and becomes only stronger. And Russophobs are very nervous about that. It's bad for their health. We will dress warmer for your funeral so not to catch a cold. Love Russia, live in harmony, it will extend years of your lives and the mood will be good.
Как бы не простудиться нам на похоронах тех, кто желает зла России.
Владимир Путин побеспокоился о врагах - если от каждого успеха России впадать в печаль, здоровья не хватит)) Пока они мечтают о развале и гибели России, она развивается и становится только крепче. А русофобы по этому поводу очень нервничают. Это плохо для здоровья. Мы на ваших похоронах оденемся потеплее, чтобы не простудиться. Любите Россию, живите в гармонии, это продлит ваши годы и настроение будет хорошее.
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On a signal being given, the Highlanders and Islesmen, setting up those terrific shouts and yells which they were accustomed to raise on entering into battle, rushed forward upon their opponents; but they were received with great firmness and bravery by the knights, who, with their spears levelled, and battle axes raised, cut down many of their impetuous but badly armed adversaries. After the Lowlanders had recovered themselves from the shock which the furious onset of the Highlanders had produced, Sir James Scrymgeour, at the head of the knights and bannerets who fought under him, cut his way through the thick columns of the Islesmen, carrying death every where around him; but the slaughter of hundreds by this brave party did not intimidate the Highlanders, who kept pouring in by thousands to supply the place of those who had fallen. Surrounded on all sides, no alternative remained for Sir James and his valorous companions but victory or death, and the latter was their lot. The constable of Dundee was amongst the first who suffered, and his fall so encouraged the Highlanders, that seizing and stabbing the horses, they thus unhorsed their riders whom they despatched with their daggers. In the mean time the earl of Mar, who had penetrated with his main army into the very heart of the enemy, kept up the unequal contest with great bravery, and, although he lost during the action almost the whole of his army, he continued the fatal struggle with a handful of men till nightfall. The disastrous result of this battle was one of the greatest misfortunes which had ever happened to the numerous respectable families in Angus and the Mearns. Many of these families lost not only their head, but every male in the house. Lesley of Balquhain is said to have fallen with six of his sons. Besides Sir James Scrymgeour, Sir Alexander Ogilvy the sheriff of Angus, with his eldest son George Ogilvy, Sir Thomas Murray, Sir Robert Maule of Panmure, Sir Alexander Irving of Drum,21 Sir William Abernethy of Salton, Sir Alexander Straiton of Lauriston, James Lovel, and Alexander Stirling, and Sir Robert Davidson, Provost of Aberdeen, with five hundred men-at-arms including the principal gentry of Buchan, and the greater part of the burgesses of Aberdeen who followed their Provost, were among the slain. The Highlanders left nine hundred men dead on the field of battle, including the chiefs, Maclean and Mackintosh. This memorable battle22 was fought on the eve of the feast of St James the Apostle, the twenty-fourth day of July, in the year fourteen hundred and eleven, “and from the ferocity with which it was contested, and the dismal spectacle of civil war and bloodshed exhibited to the country, it appears to have made a deep impression on the national mind. It fixed itself in the music and the poetry of Scotland; a march, called the Battle of Harlaw, continued to be a popular air down to the time of Drummond of Hawthornden, and a spirited ballad, on the same event, is still repeated in our age, describing the meeting of the armies, and the deaths of the chiefs, in no ignoble strain.”23
Mar and the few brave companions in arms, who survived the battle, were so exhausted with fatigue and the wounds they received, that they were obliged to pass the night on the field of battle, where they expected a renewal of the attack next morning; but when morning dawned, they found that the Lord of the Isles had retreated, during the night, by Inverury and the hill of Benochie. To pursue him was impossible, and he was therefore allowed to retire, without molestation, and to recruit his exhausted strength. As soon as the news of the disaster at Harlaw reached the ears of the duke of Albany, then regent of Scotland, he set about collecting an army, with which he marched in person to the North, in autumn, with a determination to bring the Lord of the Isles to obedience. Having taken possession of the castle of Dingwall, he appointed a governor, and from thence proceeded to recover the whole of Ross. Donald retreated before him, and took up his winter-quarters in the islands. Hostilities were renewed next summer, but the contest was not long or doubtful – notwithstanding some little advantages obtained by the King of the Isles – for he was compelled to give up his claim to the earldom of Ross, to become a vassal to the Scottish crown, and to deliver hostages to secure his future good behaviour. A treaty to this effect was entered into at Pilgilbe or Polgillip, the modern Loch-Gillip in Argyle.
1 Shaw’s Hist. of Moray, p. 259-60, New Ed.
2 Caledonia, vol. i. p. 627.
3 Almost the same ceremonial of inauguration was observed at the coronation of Macdonald, king of the Isles. Martin says, that “there was a big stone of seven feet square, in which there was a deep impression made to receive the feet of Mack-Donald, for he was crowned king of the Isles standing in this stone; and swore that he would continue his vassals in the possession of their lands, and do exact justice to all his subjects; and then his father’s sword was put into his hand. The bishop of Argyle and seven priests anointed him king, in presence of all the heads of the tribes in the isles and continent, and were his vassals; at which time the orator rehearsed a catalogue of his ancestors.” – Western Islands, p. 211.
4 Gordon’s Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland, p. 36.
5 The chiefs at Bannockburn were McKay, Mackintosh, Macpherson, Cameron, Sinclair, Campbell, Menzies, Maclean, Sutherland, Robertson, Grant, Fraser, Macfarlane, Ross, Macgregor, Munro, Mackenzie, and Macquarrie. After the lapse of five hundred years since the battle of Bannockburn was fought, it is truly astonishing to find such a number of direct descendants who are now in existence, and still possessed of their paternal estates.
6 Tytler’s Hist. of Scotland, vol. ii. 185. Robertson’s Parliamentary Records, p. 115.
7 Vide the Deed printed in the Appendix to Mr Tytler’s History, vol. ii.
8 Fordun a Goodal, vol. ii. 380.
9 This is the date assigned by Sir Robert Gordon, but Shaw makes it more
than a century later, viz., in 1454.
10 Sir R. Gordon, p. 47. – Shaw, p. 264.
11 According to that eminent antiquary, the Reverend Donald Macintosh, non-juring episcopal clergyman, in his historical illustrations of his Collections of Gaelic Proverbs, published in 1785, the ancestor of Mackintosh became head of the clan Chattan in this way. During these contests for the Scottish crown, which succeeded the death of King Alexander III., and favoured the pretensions of the King of the Isles, the latter styling himself “King,” had, in 1291, sent his nephew Angus Macintosh of Macintosh to Dougall Dall (Blind) MacGillichattan, chief of the clan Chattan, or Macphersons, to acquaint him that “the King” was to pay him a visit. Macpherson, or MacGillichattan, as he was named, in honour of the founder of the family Gillichattana Mor, having an only child, a daughter, who, he dreaded might attract an inconvenient degree of royal notice, offered her in marriage to Macintosh along with his lands, and the station of the chief of the clan Chattan. Macintosh accepted the offer, and was received as chief of the lady’s clan. a “A votary or servant of St Kattan,” a most popular Scottish saint. We have thus Gillichallum, meaning a “votary of Columba,” and of which another form is Malcolm or Molcalm, the prefix Mol, being corrupted into Mal, signifying the same as Gilly. Thus Gilly-Dhia is the etymon of Culdee, signifying “servant of God,” – Gilli-christ means “servant of Christ.”
12 The Reverend Donald Mackintosh gives a different account of this matter. He says that Macintosh, irritated at Cluny’s conduct, despatched to Cluny’s camp a minstrel, who was instructed to feign he had been sent by the Camerons, and, to sing a few Gaëlic lines reflecting on the cowardice of those who had hung aloof in the hour of danger. Cluny, stung by the satire, attacked the supposed authors that night in their camp, and put them to flight with the loss of their chief.
13 Shaw’s History of Moray, p. 260, 261.
14 Tytler, vol. iii. 76, 77.
15 Lesley, (1st. edition, p. 252.) says that the fugitive in question belonged to the clan Kay. His words are, “Anno imperii sui (Roberti IIItii.) quinto, maximæ in Scotia herbæ a duabus Sylvestrium familiis clankaya, et clanquhattana, ciebantur, &c. . . Tempus præfinitur, locus insulor apud Perthum figitur, hostes in palestram descendunt. Sed cum ex Clankaya tribu unus timore perculsus se clanculum subducebat, a pugna tantis per abstinetur dum aliquis cognatus fugitur locum subiret.”
16 Tales of a Grandfather, vol. II.
17 Shaw’s Moray, p. 314-15. – Winton, vol. ii. 363. – Keith’s Catalogue, p.83.
18 Winton, vol. ii. 369.
19 Sir Robert Gordon’s History, p. 60.
20 Sir Robert Gordon, p. 61, 62.
21 The Laird of Maclean according to a tradition in the family of Irving of Drum, was killed by Sir Alexander Irving. Genealogical collections, MS. Advocates’ Library, Jac. v. 4. 16. Vol. I. p. 180.
22 The site of the battle is thus described in the manuscript geographical description of Scotland, collected by Macfarlane and preserved in the Advocates Library, Vol. I. p. 7. “Through this parish (the chapel of Garioch formerly called Capella Beatæ Mariæ Virginis de Garryoch, Chart. Aberdon, p. 31.) runs the king’s high way from Aberdeen to Inverness, and from Aberdeen to the high country. A large mile to the east of the church lies the field of an ancient battle called the battle of Harlaw, from a country town of that name hard by. This town, and the field of battle, which lies along the king’s highway upon a moor, extending a short mile from S. E. to N. W. stands on the north east side of the water of Urie, and a small distance therefrom. To the west of the field of battle, about half a mile, is a farmer’s house, called Legget’s Den, hard by, in which is a tomb, built in the form of a malt steep, of four large stones, covered with a broad stone above, where, as the country people generally report, Donald of the Isles lies buried, being slain in the battle, and therefore they call it commonly Donald’s tomb.” This is an evident mistake, as it is well known that Donald was not slain. Mr Tytler conjectures with much probability that the tomb alluded to may be that of the chief of Maclean or Mackintosh, and he refers, in support of this opinion, to Macfarlane’s genealogical collections (MS. Advocates’ Library. Jac. V. 4. 16. Vol. I. p. 180.) in which an account is given of the family of Maclean, and from which it appears that Lauchlan Lubanich had, by Macdonald’s daughter, a son, called Eachin Rusidh ni Cath, or Hector Rufus Bellicosus, who commanded as lieutenant-general under the earl of Ross at the battle of Harlaw, when he and Irving of Drum, seeking out one another by their armorial bearings on their shields, met and killed each other. This Hector was married to a daughter of the earl of Douglas. 23 Tytler, vol. III. 177.
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It’s your turn, Baw.
She showed her interest by sending you a personal message.
Don't miss the chance to get in touch with her.
Check Messages Now!
Hurry up! She could change her mind.
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Christ Impulse.
The Human Riddle.
The Cosmos Responds.
External history is but the superficial crust of history.
At 2023 it only appears as a germ.
Spirit Self / Life Spirit / Spirit Man.
Require Elaborating + Evolvement - The Earth needs to change to see the spirit germ evolve.
The I is being switched on just now.
Develop the consciousness of Soul now in preparation.
Spirit Self in everyone.
These Stages were all elaborated.
Astral Body is the result of the 3+4th conditions
Ripple of the nature of the cosmic being that is man?
What a human being wears today as a body is essentially the result of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd + 4th conditions.
What he wears as an etheric body is a result of 2,3+4 conditions.
Prepare inwardly for the change to come.
How Much of this cosmic earthly evolution can be brought to you?
People need to understand this is what is going to happen to them -
They need to know this for generations in advance before it happens. Psychologically and spiritually prepared.
Spirit Self is the astral body at higher stage.
Life Spirit is the etheric body to a higher stage.
Spirit Man is the transformation of physical man to higher stage ← this wont take place until the 7th condition for the transformation of the other members.
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Hows it gonna start?
Chapter 10.01 - Human history in the flesh.
The Last Judgment.
External history is but the superficial crust of history.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Stefan Lochner, Last Judgment, c. 1435. Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne
The Last Judgment or The Day of the Lord
(Hebrew: ҏ҇ҋ ґҋ҅҆, romanized: Yom Ha Din, Arabic: ᧁ ᥴᧃ᧔ᦸᦿᥭ, romanized: Yawm al-Qiyāmah, lit. 'Day of Resurrection' or Arabic: ᧁ ᧆᦊᦿᥭ, romanized: Yawm ad-Din, lit. 'Day of Judgement') is part of the eschatological world view of the Abrahamic religions and in the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism.
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THERE IS NO JUDGEMENT ON A PLANET OF FREE WILL. ~~@~~
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How’s it Gonna Start? Chapter 11 -
The Various Settings On A Sliding Crank and When to Grease its Nipple.
Inside the Diamond
People appear
sitting in the waiting room
it seems perfectly normal at first
until you realise
you’re either dead or
something strange is going on or
maybe someone else appears
and decides to make their move
while you watch
its like being inside a magnetic field
and
you’re in the funnel bit
but you’re actually just outside the funnel
and
you can watch the magnetic field flow
right in front of you
and that’s when you notice it
the diamond
this is no normal magnetic field
you are inside a diamond
and
the flow of light
through it
in front of you
is the universe…,
…more,
much, much more…,
but you need to peer into the diamond
standing
in front of it
- there is an exit -
if you take it without thinking
you’ll be thrown in
to
i don’t know where
they go
not anywhere, you or i
know
not yet
if you look into the diamond it will tell you
where you need to go
and
when to exit the room,
no-one will tell you
that the diamond
likes
to keep people
mesmerised
for eons
and
by default
the lights from friction
is spread and fed and nurtured
and dead,
everything outside the diamond,
is inside
it too,
look and see,
its a kinda
cap
for me
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Is superluminal communication possible?
Superluminal communication is a hypothetical process in which information is sent at faster-than-light (FTL) speeds. The current scientific consensus is that faster-than-light communication is not possible, and to date it has not been achieved in any experiment.
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"There is evidence that an advanced civilization was present on our planet thousands of years prior to our written history with technologies that enabled them to accomplish astonishing feats. It is now time for us to recover this lost knowledge and apply it to our technological means so as to once again enable our capacity to overcome gravitation and free humanity from the shackles of limited energy resources.” - The Resonance Academy
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ROGUE OF THE WEEK!
Gustave Flaubert
Author and vigorous masturbator Relieved the frustration of writing Madame Bovary by wanking all the time. Toured Egypt with an almost permanent erection. Liked oriental dancing. Carpel Tunnel.
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Church Notices for Advent Sunday
Churches have been allowed to remain open at this stage in the pandemic because we have shown that we are safe spaces and that we are adhering strictly to the detailed regulations agreed between the church and the Scottish Government.
We are currently living under further restrictions for Glasgow, placing us in Level 4. For church services, this means our capacity is reduced from 50 to 20. The Session Clerks have introduced a phone-round service for regular worshippers, asking you to go on a fortnightly rota and booking you for your preferred Sunday. If possible we will admit some members on consecutive Sundays, but it will depend on demand.
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Do entangled particles communicate?
Although these entangled particles are not physically connected, they still are able to share information with each other instantaneously — seemingly breaking one of the most hard-and-fast rules of physics: that no information can be transmitted faster than the speed of light.” This the basis for the premise that ...
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Is quantum communication possible?
Although current applications are still limited, it has been successfully used in quantum key distribution. It is also much faster than traditional methods of communication because entangled photons can transmit information instantaneously. However, entanglement falls victim to decoupling and the no cloning theorem.
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Don't wait too long to read and reply to your message. You won't like it either if you have to wait a long time for a response. And don't forget our tips!
Made with 倽 Have fun!
Claire
Chat expert | Team Localmilfflirt
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Is quantum teleportation faster than light?
What's amazing about it is that the quantum 'information' is 'sent' instantaneously — faster than light — because that is how two entangled particles communicate. ... The fact that it is destroyed during the entanglement-enabled teleportation ensures that there is never a duplicate.
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Adventist /ɇadv(ǟ)ntǰst/a member of any of various Christian sects emphasizing belief in the imminent second coming of Christ.
MIT Researchers Say Their Fusion Reactor Is “Very Likely to Work”
Is fusion energy finally no longer "decades away?"
VICTOR TANGERMANNSEPTEMBER 29TH 2020
A team of researchers at MIT and other institutions say their “SPARC” compact fusion reactor should actually work — at least in theory, as they argue in a series of recently released research papers.
In a total of seven papers penned by 47 researchers from 12 institutions, the team argues that no unexpected impediments or surprises have shown up during the planning stages.
In other words, the research “confirms that the design we’re working on is very likely to work,” Martin Greenwald, deputy director of MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center and project lead, told The New York Times.
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Can more than 2 particles be entangled?
Yes, more than 2 particles can be quantum-entangled together. In a system of 2 quantum-entangled particles, knowing the state of one particle allows you to know the state of the other particle.
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Fusion power remains elusive, but the tech promises to one day become a safe and clean way of producing energy by fusing atomic nuclei together like the Sun. Despite almost a century of research, though, nobody has managed to pull it off yet.
SPARC, one of the largest privately funded project of its kind in the field, would be a first of its kind: a “burning plasma” reactor that fuses hydrogen isotopes to form helium, with no other input of energy needed.
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The London Economic
Home Politics
Reactions as PM declares Navy to become ‘foremost naval power in Europe’
and launches ‘space command’
Just a few weeks ago we had no money to feed hungry kids during the school holidays.
Today we have money for a new “space command”
Joe Mellor by Joe Mellor November 19, 2020in Politics
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Superluminal communication is a hypothetical process in which information is sent at faster-than-light (FTL) speeds. The current scientific consensus is that faster-than-light communication is not possible, and to date it has not been achieved in any experiment.
Thanks to progress in the field of superconducting magnets, the team hopes to achieve the same performance as far larger reactors, such as the gigantic ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) reactor, which started assembly in July.
The magnets are used to contain the extremely hot and high pressure reactions going on inside the reactor, one of fusion’s greatest challenges.
According to the team’s calculations, SPARC should be able to produce twice as much fusion energy compared to the amount needed to generate the reaction. That would be a massive jump, since no researchers have managed to break even yet.
Superluminal communication is impossible because, in a Lorentz-invariant theory, it could be used to transmit information into the past. This contradicts causality and leads to logical paradoxes.
A number of theories and phenomena related to superluminal communication have been proposed or studied, including tachyons, quantum nonlocality, and wormholes.
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A teaching war is raging in Britain's infant classes between two new kinds of phonic systems being used to help children learn to read. Each is claiming astonishing results both with low and high achievers - one producing a six-year-old in Scotland with a reading age of 14.
Parents of today's five-year-olds were mostly educated when phonics teaching was deeply unfashionable but that has all changed. Today the controversy is about which kind of phonics children should be taught - since it is now generally accepted that phonics, of some description, there must be. Do you start with the word "cat", break it into "c" and "at", and point out how it rhymes with mat, pat and bat? Or do you take the three sounds separately and hope the children can blend them to get the word "cat"?
Astonishing results are being claimed for phonics teaching. But two schools of thought are at war.
Diana Hinds and Ben Russell - Thursday 27 May 1999
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1a : to release or activate by means of a trigger especially : to fire by pulling a mechanical trigger trigger a rifle. b : to cause the explosion of trigger a missile with a proximity fuse. 2 : to initiate, actuate, or set off by a trigger an indiscreet remark that triggered a fight a stimulus that triggered a reflex.
Trigger | Definition of Trigger by Merriam-Webster
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Nikola Tesla has been credited for the creation of much of the technology that we take for granted today.
Without the genius of Tesla we would not have:
Radio,
Television,
AC electricity,
Tesla coil,
Flourescent lighting,
Neon lighting,
Radio control devices,
Robotics,
X-rays,
Radar,
Microwaves and Dozens of other amazing inventions.
Quite an impressive list you must say.
Because of this, it is no surprise that Tesla also delved into the world of flight and possibly, antigravity. In fact, his last patent in 1928 (#6,555,114), was for a flying machine that resembled both a helicopter and an airplane.
Before he died, Tesla reportedly devised plans for the engine of a spaceship. He called it the anti-electromagnetic field drive or Space Drive.
William R. Lyne writes in Occult Ether Physics (Creatopia Productions), that a lecture Tesla prepared for the Institute of Immigrant Welfare (May. 12, 1938), dealt with his Dynamic Theory of Gravity. Tesla said in his lecture that this was: “One of two far reaching discoveries, which I worked out in all details in the years 1893 and 1894.”
There are only 5 possible shapes in the universe of creation that Pythagoras defined as being a Platonic Solid.
They had to obey the following 3 conditions:
1 - The shape must fit inside of a sphere ie: the all the corners or vertices are touching the inside of the sphere.
2 - The shape must have all its faces or polygons the same (eg, triangles or squares or pentagons or hexagons etc) thus all their angles are the same.
3 - The shape must have every edge length being the same.
The 5 shapes are:
1 - Tetrahedron (4 triangles, 6 vertices, 6 edges)
2 - Cube (6 squares, 8 vertices, 12 edges)
3 - Octahedron (8 Triangles, 6 vertices, 12 edges)
4 - Icosahedron (20 triangles, 30 vertices, 20 edges
5 - Dodecahedron (12 Pentagons, 20 vertices, 30 edges)
These five Platonic Solids exist also in the biological world. They exist as single celled planktons called Radiolaria, which when dying leave an exoskeleton in the precise shape of these 5 Solids.
“If being is many, it must be both like and unlike" — Plato
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Crystal Connections
Crystal Diversity: Multiple Axes and Symmetries
There exist 32 classes or structural varieties of crystals,
and they all obey strict sacred geometrical laws.
Mineralogical charts show unique combinations
of the 5 Platonic Solids, their truncations or cuts,
how they nest or embed in perfected Phi ratios,
proud of their symmetrical signatures,
their fusions and compoundings,
their dual combinations and stark stellations
their godly, primitive rays of creation..
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Crystal Connections
Each Crystal is not only a Living Being, but a vast Library of Information that we can access and apply.
Explore the hidden symmetries in Crystals. Discover how they are highly ordered systems whose atoms, ions and molecules reveal vast Repeating Patterns. The signature of Crystals are based on the 5 Platonic Solids and the 13 Archimedeans.
The future of Medicine is Sound and Vibration. Vibrational Healing involves the Law of Numbers assigned to each substance or object. Everything emits a certain Frequency or Hertz (cycles per second).
Since the human body is mainly composed of Water, whose molecular bond angle of 104 degrees is a double harmonic of the quartz crystal angle of 52 degrees, informs us that Water Consciousness is indeed a major component of our Astral Health, so as function in Harmony with the Outer World, we must take care of the Inner World by nourishing our Body, Mind and Spirit. We are Water, we are Crystal.
Crystals are the key to the advancement of Technology, they are the basis of radio, tv, LCD screens, computers, data storage, satellites and much more; This indicates that they have an Intelligence and will play an important part in the development of our Future Sciences
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“You don’t see something until you have the right metaphor to let you perceive it.”
― James Gleick"
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REALISM TO VIRTUAL REALITY
This is the work of author Bruce Franklin about the America’s war It’s an essay that displays the war in various media forms including photographs, and motion pictures The author shows how the Americans manipulate the motion pictures to show how their enemies appear to be very bad before the eyes of the viewers The essay tries to hide the truth about the US during the war with their counterparts The images are of great concern since they show a negative attitude towards what happened during the war of the Americans and the Vietnam country at large The topic of the essay as suggested by the author should have been titled as ‘should images of the American war be shown on television programs The essay criticizes the Americans for not portraying their true representation (McPherson, 1865)
HOW LINCOLN WON THE WAR
This is an essay that talks about the approach to winning the war during his reign The essay shows how Lincoln used his verbal methods by talking to his fellow Americans and encouraging them to fight for their nation
“Once a debate is concluded on the floor of the House and the Senate, the leaders schedule it for a vote on the floor of each chamber,” (Ginsberg, et al 291)
“By this time, congressional leaders know what the vote will be; leaders do not bring legislation to the floor unless they are certain it is going to pass,” (Ginsberg, et al 291) “Consequently, it is unusual for the leadership to lose a bill on the floor,” (Ginsberg, et al 291)
“On rare occasions, the last moments of the floor vote can be very dramatic, as each party’s leadership puts its whip organization into action to make sure that wavering members vote with that party,”(Ginsberg, et al 291)
“Getting a bill out of committee and through both houses of Congress is no guarantee that it will be enacted into law,”(Ginsberg, et al 292)
“Before a bill can be sent to the president, both houses must pass it in the identical form,” (Ginsberg, et al 292)
“Frequently, bills that began with similar provisions in both chambers emerge with little resemblance to each other,” (Ginsberg, et al 292)
“When a bill comes out of conference, it faces one more hurdle,” (Ginsberg, et al 292)
Samsung Electronics
Samsung Electronics is a Korean multinational electronics company Samsung is headquartered Suwon in South Korea It is a subsidiary company of the Samsung group In the year 2012, it had revenue of nearly 70 percent of the total group’s revenue Since the year 2009, Samsung electronics has remained the largest information and Technology Company in the world by revenue It has sales network and assembly plants in nearly eighty countries and employees of nearly 370,000 globally Kwon Oh-Hyun has been the Samsung Electronics’ CEO since the year 2012 (Russell and Cohn, 2012) Notably, the company was founded in the year 1938 as a trading company Samsung has since been manufacturing many electronic components Some of these include lithium-ion, chips, hard drive, flash memory, and semiconductors for its major clients including Sony, Apple, Nokia, and HTC However, in the recent years, Samsung electronics has since diversified its services into consumer electronics Currently, Samsung is known as the largest mobile phones and smart phones manufacturer
Fujifilm Holdings Corporation which is generally known as Fujifilm and it is a Japanese company specialized in imaging and photography
It has it’s headquarter in Tokyo, Japan The core businesses of Fujifilm are production, sale and servicing of color film, development, digital cameras, color paper, equipments for photo finishing, equipments for graphic arts, equipments for medical imaging, printers, optical devices and flat panel displays
Fujifilm was founded in 1934 as a manufacturer of photographic film It has expanded to be a leader in various fields of business During the 1940s Fuji photo entered into the market segment of lenses, optical glasses and equipment’s In 1962, the company has launched Fuji Xerox Co Ltd along with another
UK based company Rank Xerox In the 21st century, with the rapid pace of digital technology in the photography segment the company had transformed its business structures in to digital technology Although the company was founded many years later than Eastman Kodak Company but Fujifilm was able to transform its business very quickly from film to digital technology
The Cultural Influence Model:
A number of social sciences and humanities aspects over and above business schools consistently look at the concerns between how firms market and the way in which people consume
These crucial accounts of advertising have long argued that, mutually, firms’ branding endeavours shape consumer needs and behaviour
The idea “consumer culture” refers to the prominent manner of consumption which is organized by the mutual measures of firms in their advertising routines
To do the job appropriately, capitalism needs a symbiotic bond between market prerogatives and the ethnic frameworks that orient just how people fully grasp and get to know the market’s products
The ethnic structuring of consumption keeps political assistance for the market system, grows markets, and raises industry earnings (Frank 300)
These accounts are dominated by the ethnic authority narrative
Marketers are depicted as cultural engineers, arranging how people consider and feel through labelled commercial items
Omnipotent businesses make use of advanced marketing methods to attract consumers to take part in a structure of commoditized meanings inlayed in brands
The question regarding ways in which corporate governance
disclosure requirements affect financial reporting is still under tremendous debate.
In-spite of the significant amount of researches done in this field, only few conclusive evidences have been set forth regarding causal effect of corporate governance disclosure requirements on financial reporting throughout the world
The fundamental rationale behind above mentioned fact is the combined endogeneity of accounting systems and governance mechanisms (Brickly and Zimmerman 235-245) According to the author, difficulty of identifying a causal effect is aggravated due to lack of conclusive theories, which enable researchers worldwide to regard a specific corporate governance code as good or bad
Corporate governance framework established within companies need to incorporate core values of accountability, transparency, responsibility and fairness (ACCA, “Disclosures on corporate governance”)
Even so, reported high profile financial scandals such as, those of Enron and WorldCom, suggest that the framework was not implemented at all
According to the social comparison theory of psych
Ensuring that your computer programs and the operating system are up to date is also another way of ensuring that your computer stays safe
By keeping your operating system up to date for example, this will have the effect of ensuring that the security flaws that were present in the previous version are patched up
One should also ensure that their anti-virus software are up to date
This will give the computer users the confidence that their system will be free from any emerging viruses in the internet (Caldwell, 2003)
In order for one to ensure security on-line, (Shneiderman, 2000) they have to ensure that their firewalls are turned on
A firewall is software that controls the traffic being received and being transmitted by a computer
It will help the user in ensuring that traffic from unrecognized computers and or suspicious files are kept off your computer
This will also help you monitor what you want to share with the public and what not to share It will ensure security from outside the computer
Another way for ensuring online security for your computer is by ensuring that you practice safe browsing over the internet
This will be made possible by the computer users ensuring that they are keen on what they click on while they are on the internet
This will help them be free from spams that are mostly available on the internets and also be free from malicious codes that are mostly embedded under links by the cyber criminals
This shall also ensure that the computer users are not vulnerable and ensure they are keen not to download something they do not know about
While on the internet, the users should know that security should not come from within their systems alone, but also by them being keen and careful while on the internet (Shneiderman, 2000)
The final way of ensuring security to your data, files and documents in your computer are safe is by ensuring that you conduct regular back up of your data Back up usually protects you in an event of a computer crash or disk problems
A back up ensures that your system (computer) is back to where it was originally before the loss occurred
Now, with the above techniques, you will be guaranteed of a particular percentage of safety and security of your computer
Although it is said that you will never achieve optimum security with IT, implementing the above techniques will ensure you are not that vulnerable
You can also check out on new ways to ensure computer security over the internet
Why Was There A Considerable Delay To The Introduction of Universal Suffrage in France?
Introduction
French citizens were accorded universal suffrage in 1944, merely 70 years ago Surprisingly, France is regard as the first state to institutionalise a formal framework of laws referred to as the Napoleon civil code of 1804 This present essay is aimed at discussing the reasons for the delay in the introduction of universal suffrage in France The discussion will first provide an overview of suffrage process in France, both the male suffrage and universal suffrage An account of events that have signified the suffrage process will be highlighted thus demonstrating the causes of the delay The second section will provide a detailed description of the Napoleon laws and how they were regressive to women’s right An examination of the socio political doctrines of French legislators and the dynamics that hindered women’s rights to vote including the role of the fight for power in the delay will follow Further discussions on the limitations and lack of structured leadership of the women’s right movement will also indicate the reasons for the delay Eventually the essay will discuss the changes in French law that allowed women to vote and contend for official positions
Suffrage in France
Daley (1994) defined suffrage as individual’s right to vote and provision of an opportunity to vote Similarly, universal suffrage refers to extension of provision of voting rights to adult members of the society, both male and female Daley (1994) further argued that universal suffrage is mainly intended to safeguard members of the public from being excluded in the voting process either as a voter or a candidate based on one’s religion, social class, knowledge, race and gender France became the first country to grant universal suffrage to male citizens irrespective of their religion or race during the French revolution The French revolution began as noble campaign by members of the Third estate who were agitating for a head count voting system as opposed to voting as parts of an estate in 1789 The fall of Bastille on July 14 1789 led to constitutional revolution that culminated to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens Under the declaration, only white men who had attained stipulated property provisions were allowed to vote However, in 1972, the property provision was excluded and the voting process was based on universal manhood suffrage
Due to the rising negative effect of the childhood obesity globally the First Lady Obama inaugurated ‘Lets Move’ initiative in order to influence the people of every ethnic group to help in eliminating the Obesity in the generations to come and improve the quality of life The major objective of the campaign is to empower the care givers along with the parents regarding the increasing concern of obesity Furthermore in order to reduce the level of childhood obesity it is important to have healthy food in not only home but also schools Thus, the ‘Lets Move’ initiative is expected to provide healthy food to the students of low income group in order to reduce the obesity The initiative also intends to provide healthy food to the people at an affordable price to reduce the market for the fast food This initiative can be termed as an effective step undertaken by the government towards the society by making the food available to every child at a lower rate (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010)
According to Deckelbaum & Williams (2012), the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity is vital and reflected the fact that the tempting food of McDonalds including the double cheeseburger meal has more than 1800 calorie which a child intakes have significant impact on increasing obesity Impact of Academic Knowledge on Social and Local Communities
Obesity is a disease interrelated with the social culture, environment and behavior of the children It is thus important for the children to have a proper academic knowledge in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle Todaay in the modern day context schools are taking special attention towards the health of a child by sharing nutritional knowledge This will have positive impact on the children as they will know which food is the best for them According to Devaux et al (2011), it is evidential that the academic knowledge is beneficial for the society to reduce obesity and overweight Many years of proper schooling reflects a healthy lifestyle less likely to be overweight or obese and maintain proper diet Similarly academic knowledge gained through proper studies in colleges and schools will help the young generation to be more active and participate in exercise, which acts as preventive measures for obesity The relation amid education and health is nonlinear with the increase in the School Based Interventions for childhood obesity
15 May 2014
Effectiveness of Food Taxes in reducing Obesity and other Diet related Diseases
When people take in more calories than they consume, obesity and other diet related conditions such as overweight occur Being obese or overweight increases chances of developing illnesses such as stroke, heart disease and diabetes among others The number of children and adults today who suffer from certain chronic and acute conditions related to their diet is increasing day by day Obesity, overweight and associated cardiac illnesses have become common both in the western and developing world It is rather a tragic incident that many people have lost their lives due to such diseases, cutting short their lives even before some of them have achieved their potential The situation in USA is alarming with two thirds of the adults’ population being described as either obese or overweight, while childhood obesity almost tripled in the past three decades (Kalaidis, theweekcom) FAO ranks USA second after Brazil with 318 percent of adults being obese (Kalaidis, theweekcom) The developing and persistent problem has led to the obesity and overweight conditions been referred to as ‘the white man problems’ Perhaps because of the duration the problems have remained in the western world As of 2013, statistics indicated that 239 million children were obese or overweight, approximately 5 times more compared to the 1970s, and 1547 million adults in the situation, which has more than doubled after the 70s (American Heart Association, Heartorg) This speculation is arguably not a fact; most people in poor African and Asian nation struggle with these diseases Past research indicate that “nutrition transition had been accelerating in developing nation, with an increasing trend in energy intake, especially from high energy density, high fat and low fiber diets, which is as a result of income changes that affect their dietary behavior, causing the burden of diseases related to poor diets shift more to the poor” (Du et al 1512) It’s quite rampant in the famous sub Saharan regions where hunger and STDs have dominated In fact the obesity situation is said to almost outdo the hunger crisis This paper argues that the solution to preventing diseases caused by obesity and overweight does not lie within the taxation policies, but requires set of combined measures to assist the population in healthy consumption
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Hows it Gonna Start?
Chapter 12 - Salty Sleepers and Dirty Slag
He knew as much about writing words as you do track circuits and there in lies the twist of this suburban myth. Ghost trains don’t use tracks and they don’t use signals or worry about the breaks even if they come from the Dutch underground scene where the words of Jah were being served daily in whore houses and drug shops - exactly where it was needed,
did you make those ribbons and bows yourself?
The ground is political lava and its everybody’s turn to go.
Reality is lava and everyone is about to know.
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What is a natural rock?
Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids. For example, granite, a common rock, is a combination of the minerals quartz, feldspar and biotite. The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock.
Are there man made rocks?
Anthropic rock is rock that is made, modified and moved by humans. Concrete is the most widely known example of this. The new category has been proposed to recognise that man-made rocks are likely to last for long periods of Earth's future geological time, and will be important in humanity's long-term future.
Are man made things natural?
Originally Answered: If humans are part of nature then why are man made things not considered natural? ... Because it is also part of nature, since it came from nature. It's ingredients are from nature, machines used to create are man-made while human beings are natural and thus human made things must also be natural.
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Is there a reliable man 42 to 50 preferable in GP for a single mom of 3?
Well if u are,u know what to do..
~~@~~
AM SINGLE LOOKING FOR A GUD MAN
I STAY AT SOSHSANGUVE AM 35 one child
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Good Morning😃 Name : Khanyi Kumalo
Age : 23 Location : Soweto (Zola)
I am ready to mingle / With age from (25 - 30).
Thanks in advance ~ Good evening Kings.
I believe my husband might might be somewhere in this group.
If that's you do hit me up on my inbox.
Requirements: Between the age of 28 - 35.
Preferably have a job or able to take care of yourself
And strong enough to handle an Alpha Female.
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I'm posting 4 de 2nd tym guys where's my king
I'm buang from garankuwa I'm 26yrs old ....
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Hi I'm Nomvula from Mpumalanga 28 years single and ready to mingle if you're interested inbox me 29-45
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To someone who is not okay right now, just hold on and trust the process, okay? things will get better soon, just hold on. You are not alone in your battles, just stay strong and believe in yourself, I know you can do it and you will overcome it 😊 cheer up! There will come a time when you will smile again and say ' congrats self, we managed it! ' I'm the one telling you, all your pain and hardship will be worth it when you become okay 😊
Cheer up now? Smile now 😊
- Admin S 💙
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Hi. I am Adri, 39 and from Pretoria. I am looking for a free Spirit like myself with the yearning for adventure and sharing a future with someone who will be loyal and honest...
And expect the same.
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According to the percentage of your battery, ask me a question!
1%: How old are you?
Free Julian Assange!
2%: Do you have a significant other?
The media is silent, we are NOT!! Report, share, let's move the topic on the networks. #FreeAssange #NoExtradition #MexicanConjulian We are now his voice
3%: Where do you live?
What happens when men and women educated with honorable values stand in front of a computer, working for an organization that has betrayed those values before their eyes? What happens when someone gives them the possibility to inform the world that organizations that should look after our welfare are betraying us? This is WikiLeaks.#NoExtradicion #méxicoconjulian #FreeAssange
4%: Are you romantically interested in anyone?
Good night hero!
Your daddy and your friends are waiting for you.
Hold on, Julian.
5%: Do you like me?
Are you listening to us yet?
6%: Are we friends?
#FreeAssange #NoExtradicion #méxicoconjulian
7%: • free question •
2015.
The Nobel Peace Prize, who could have gone for someone who actually fought for peace, how Assange or Chelsea Manning, was covered in blood when awarded war criminal Obomber, I say, Obama.
8%: What is your favorite color?
México con Julian Page Liked · 7 October · Good morning I love seeing him smile.
9%: Do you love me?
′′ Julian Assange is America's most wanted man because he helped expose his crimes. He's a war hero ".
Good night
11%: Do you speak more than one language?
10Pierre Henri Le Gall # Wesupporourfriendassange
Stop this inhumane treatment you are inflicting on Julian Assange, Australian journalist. Mr. Dupont Moretti pleaded in February 2020 for political asylum in France in the name of press freedom. We must be Julian's voice. there is a triple opportunity, diplomatic, political and legal. his situation is critical. Julian should not be in jail. No journalist deserves such cruelty just for reporting the truth .. Please friends share this post Julian Assange needs your support. He shouldn't be in jail .... Julian is not afraid of evil . of his adversaries but of the silence of the indifferent… #
# Wesupporourfriendassange%: If you could bring back one person from death, who would it be?
12%: What is your favorite food?
México con Julian
Page Liked · 6 October · Good night hero.
Hang on
13%: What is a place you would like to travel to?
Michael Brown Free Julian Assange and send him and his Family Home to Australia NOW,
14%: Have you ever been in love?
The extradition treaty between the UK and US explicitly says extradition will NOT be granted if the offense for which the request was filed is political origin.
This was a political trial. Julian is a political prisoner.
NO EXTRADITION.
15%: How many ex's have you had?
Arresten a los criminales como , liberen a
16%: What is your favorite cold drink?
Which country is suffering from too much freedom of expression? Name it.
17%: • free question •
We cannot be passive when such an injustice happens before our eyes. USA applying the cruelest revenge to the man who uncovered war crimes and other abuses committed in the shadow. Without respecting nationality or sovereignty, the machinery of this government has focused on two things: keeping the medium silent on this issue, and ending this brave human being.
′′ The prevailing atmosphere has been horrifying. I say it without hesitation; I've sat in many courts and have seldom known such corruption in the process... In trial, Assange was caged behind a thick glass and had to crawl knees to a slit in the glass, supervised by your guard, to make contact with your lawyers. His message, whispered barely audibly through face masks, was then transmitted by post-it throughout the court to where his lawyers were discussing the case against his extradition to American hell "...
"... The first time I saw Julian at Belmarsh prison, after spending half an hour of ′′ security ′′ checks, including a dog's snout on my bum, I found a painfully thin figure sitting alone and with a bracelet yellow. He had lost more than 10 pounds in a matter of months; his arms had no muscles. His first words were, ′′ I think I'm losing my mind ". I tried to assure him that it wasn't!... His endurance and courage is formidable, but there's a limit. That was over a year ago.
In the last three weeks before dawn, he was undressed, searched, handcuffed, and prepared for transportation to the Central Criminal Court, Old Bailey, in a truck that his partner, Stella Moris, described as a coffin. He had a small window; he had to stand precariously to look out"...
"... The trip to Old Bailey lasted at least a half an hour. That's a minimum of three hours a day in snail-like traffic every day. Upon reaching the audience, they led him to his narrow glass cage in the back of the room, he then looked up, blinking, trying to distinguish faces in the public gallery through the glass reflection. He saw the courteous figure of his father, John Shipton and I, and we raised our fists. Through the glass, she extended her hand to touch her fingers with Stella, who is a lawyer and is sitting in the body of the court.
We were here for the latest of what philosopher Guy Debord called ′′ The Show Society ": a man who fights for his life. But your crime is having performed an epic public service: reveal what we have right to know: the lies of our governments and the crimes they commit on our behalf "...
Award-winning journalist John Pilger: eyewitness to Julian Assange's agony
October 2, 2020
18%: What am I to you?
México con Julian
Page Liked · 3 October · Independent journalists who raffled covering the hearings daily for a month, who raffled off... thank you.
′′ Journalists ′′ in Mexico, cowards, quiet and indifferent... should be ashamed. Learn from those who know the importance of this serious attack on the life of a colleague and press freedom. You guys are still on...
19%: Favorite season?
México con Julian
Page Liked · 2 October · Lakhdar Boumediene author of ′′ Witnesses of the Unseen: Seven Years in Guantánamo ". Thank you for supporting Julian.
20%: Do you smoke?
′′ I think people should take risks, understand what the opportunities are and make sure all of that is balanced Sometimes the risks can be high but chances can be very good too. When I say opportunity I mean the things that matter to you ". Julian Assange #FreeAssange #NoExtradicion #mexicoconjulian #AmplifyAssange
21%: What would make you break up with someone?
Mansoor Adayfi writer and activist. Thank you for supporting Julian.
22%: What would someone have to do to date you?
We keep hoping that justice will be done and that, for starters, there will be no extradition.
Here we are, hero. Hang on
23%: Would you date me?
If investigative journalists are treated as spies, as enemies of the state, then is investigative journalism endangered?
#méxicoconjulian #noextradición #FreeAssange
24%: Do you do drugs?
Democracy needs freedom of the press, this family needs to reunite, Julian needs their freedom to heal, recover, heal, repost and we all need to keep fighting for that to happen.
#MéxicoConJulian #Assange #NoExtradición
25%: Do you drink alcohol?
It's amazing that after 10 years without freedom they make him wait longer. There must only be one failure: NO EXTRADITION
26%: Do you like flirting?
True journalists, not like Mexicans, talking about Assange extradition trial this Saturday at 8 am.
If you can't see it, Kevin Gosztola said he'll be available to see it later. It's so worth it.
27%: • free question •
The extradition hearings ended and Mexican media and journalists spent four weeks (and one life) SHUT UP.
I hope that by the time they realize that they can be next, that the attack on Assange is the most serious and important on press freedom, which is not just about him, but all of us, it is not too late.
While Julian, the most important journalist of our time, has sacrificed 10 years of his freedom for all of us, they turned their backs on him. Do they call themselves journalists?
28%: What is your sexuality?
Also, in the testimony of two people now in protected custody, plans to kidnap and poison Julian, founder of WikiLeaks, were mentioned.
29%: How many siblings do you have?
The American government is the criminal here. Spying on Assange in an embassy is illegal. We've known it years, but it was confirmed today at Assange's extraordinary surrender / kidnapping trial.
Direct orders from Trump.
Drop the charges now and prosecute the real criminals.
30%: What do you like about me?
Under Trump's orders, Assange was spied and recorded.
31%: What don't you like about me?
Morales se justificó con el “nos pasamos al lado obscuro” al cooperar con las las agencias de inteligencia estadounidenses para espiar a Assange.
32%: When was the last time you were in a relationship?
Andy Worthington testificará en la tarde el día de hoy.
33%: Do you have a best friend?
Stefania Maurizi, an Italian journalist who has done a very important job covering all of Assange for years, says he is surprised how much Kromberg rely on David Leigh's book... who did not seem to have understood NO sharing the password. He made it public in his book, while other journalists kept it private.
Leigh from the The Guardian did something atrocious and he's never been responsible for it, on the contrary, he's thrown shit at Assange for years.
34%: Do you get embarrassed easily?
We won't rest until you're free, Hero!! #mexicoconjulian #NoExtradicion #FreeAssange #FreedomForAssange
35%: Do you have any mental illnesses?
′′ The time I can spend here is irrelevant. What matters is knowing when America is going to start obeying its own laws and when it will quit the proceedings against me and potentially other Wikileaks members. It's relevant to know when the American Justice Department is going to start obeying its laws, its own laws, the American Constitution first, the First Amendment, its internal rules that they say can't prosecute a media ". Julian Assange 2016. #FreeAssange #NoExtradicion #Mexicanconjulian #FreedomForAssange #AmplifyAssange
36%: Are you petty?
The least we can do is be his voice.
None of us could even begin to imagine what Julian has had to go through, because of the stellar mission to bring government transparency to people and see how they got away with war crimes
37%: • free question •
FREE ASSANGE!
38%: Favorite movie?
Administrative segregation, which is the term US authorities use, is SOLO CONFINATION, which is considered TORTURE.
39%: Do you think you're a good person?
No to the kidnapping / extraordinary surrender of journalist and editor Julian Assange!
40%: Would you kiss me?
′′ Julian Assange truly represents the value of why we are free-because we have press freedom.
Let him be a free man
- Ai Weiwei
41%: Do you have a best memory of us?
We keep tweeting to Mexican journalists / media and still get no response.
At what point does the extraordinary surrender / extradition trial of the most important journalist of our times seem insignificant or the worst attack on press freedom?
42%: Would you write me a handwritten letter?
Ai Weiwei already arrived at Old Bailey for protest for his friend Julian Assange
43%: Would you take a photo with me?
′′Newborn came... He brought animal life to the embassy. One of the things I miss most is having some kind of contact with an animal. When they brought me lettuce very occasionally and there was a bug on the leaf, I was so excited to see it. The cat has become a superstar, he is one of the most famous cats in the world. He peeps at the window and paparazzi take pictures of him ". Julian Assange in 2017 interview with the kitten who accompanied him at the Ecuadorian embassy.
The pet is protected and awaits him for his reunion.
#méxicoconjulian #NoExtradicion #FreedomForAssange #FreeAssange #AmplifyAssange
44%: Do you have any regrets?
Mañana con Ai Weiwei
45%: Do you lie often?
One thing that is very important to repeat and understand is that WikiLeaks publishes the information that you get and meets your standards. They need to check it out true. If you didn't find something you expected to read in its content, it's not because they didn't want to post it, but because they didn't
In 10 years they have never posted false information. So true, that Julian is going through a horrifying, unfair and disgusting trial, during which he was re-arrested, during which a second extradition request was filed, whose judge is completely partial and in which US government prosecutors are prosecutors they have been acting unprofessional, shameful, aggressive, unethical and disgusting.
46%: Are you easily jealous?
′′ The ability of young people to understand what is happening in the world has increased, that's why the movement is born ′′ I am 132 ", a movement for truth in Mexico and the non-corruption of the media ... and what I have to say is that: I am 132 ". Julian Assange in videoconference in 2013 with young Mexicans at ′′ The Book Fair ".
#méxicoconjulian #NoExtradicion #FreedomForAssange #FreeAssange He supported our cause, now we have to support him too, share!!
47%: • free question •
′′ The Rule of Law is slowly collapsing; the government machinery is above the legal process and the legal process is becoming more and more secret ". Julian Assange in interview from the Ecuadorian embassy. #FreeAssange #NoExtradicion #mexicoconjulian #AmplifyAssange
48%: What social media app do you use the most?
2013.
Chelsea Manning
Thank you for so much pretty.
Courage is contagious.
49%: Would you give me a hug?
#FreedomForAssange #NoExtradicion #FreeAssange #méxicoconjulian #AmplifyAssange
50%: What is your favorite desert?
“Evidently it seems unlikely we will be able to get judgment before November 4 even if you were able to get our submissions”.
-la basura de jueza “Evidentemente es poco probable que podamos lograr un veredicto antes del 4 de noviembre...”
El tratado de extradición entre el gobierno estadounidense y el británico específicamente dice que no se concederá la extradición si la ofensa por la cual es solicitada, es política.
51%: Would you have a coffee date with me?
Let's keep supporting Julian Assange, let's not allow injustice!
#mexicoconjulian #NoExtradicion #FreedomForAssange #FreeAssange
Share!! Let our voice be heard on the networks!!
52%: Have you ever liked me romantically?
Shame on the journalists around the world who have been indifferent or silent.
53%: Would you kiss me?
Assange art by Miltos Manetas
54%: Do you want to get married?
The British justice system has failed. The trial has been a false one. The judge hasn't come close to doing her job. Prosecutors and their witnesses are being crushed by the defense and their witnesses, yet we keep wondering if there will be justice for Julian.
When will we see him free?
55%: Do you want children?
′′ Assange has NOT committed any crime.
He's the champion of cause for freedom.
We must keep this (his pursuit and prosecution) from continuing ".
56%: Name of your best friend?
Good morning
#Guantanamo Mansoor Adayfi thanks for sharing with the world
57%: • free question •
′′ We don't torture ′′ or ′′ torture some guys ′′ (in the past) is what the US government says.
Official information says otherwise.
WikiLeaks gave us the information. Guantanamo files (and please read Andy Worthington articles) tell us otherwise.
That kind of deal is what Julian is waiting for if he's extradited.
58%: Have you ever cheated on someone?
The assassination in Sarajevo in June 1914, a meticulously planned act.
To understand much of what is going on today, we need to take into account the historical context. Throughout the Middle Ages, there existed certain idealistic links between the middle and western regions, particularly within the Holy Roman Empire. Dante's works, such as "De Monarchia," shed light on these ideals, highlighting a sense of community that transcended geographical boundaries.
In the 13th and 14th centuries, the Venetian Republic's rise challenged northern influences, particularly from Germany. The Renaissance in Italy further solidified its distinct identity, but this was followed by the counter-reformation and political influences from the Pope and Spain, prolonging Italy's struggles.
Italy's path to unification in the 18th century was marked by a series of historical events, including its alliance with France in the Battle of Solferino. Camillo Cavour played a crucial role as a statesman, transitioning from idealism to pragmatism to achieve Italy's unity, reminiscent of similar transitions seen in other regions like Serbia.
Italy's unification was further propelled by Germany's victories over France, leading to the establishment of Rome as its capital. This created a complex relationship between Italy and France, with Italy's statesmen recognizing the importance of external support, particularly from Germany, in achieving unity.
The practical tendencies of Central Europe began to dominate Italian politics, especially after France's expansion into Tunisia. This shift led Italy to align more closely with Central Europe, culminating in the Triple Alliance of 1882. However, misinterpretations of this alliance have persisted, with some attributing blame for current conflicts to it, rather than to the Triple Entente.
Understanding these historical nuances is essential for grasping Italy's geopolitical evolution and its role within broader European dynamics. The consequence was that Italy's practical links with Central Europe were increasingly strengthened. The Triple Entente, like its counterpart, the Triple Alliance, was initially purported to preserve peace. However, within a short span, peace evaporated, revealing a discrepancy between intent and outcome. Despite this, objective evaluations of its effectiveness are often lacking, especially regarding its role in the events leading up to World War I.
The assassination in Sarajevo in June 1914, a meticulously planned act, was poised to ignite conflict regardless of its success. It was a culmination of tensions and strategic maneuvers within the intricate web of European politics. The interconnectedness between events in Italy and the Balkans during this period illustrates a deliberate orchestration to synchronize public sentiments and prevent unilateral actions.
This interconnectedness is exemplified by personal encounters, such as a visit to Rome where portraits of key figures involved in Balkan politics were displayed prominently. Symbolically significant, it reflects the clandestine relationships and shared objectives between Rome and Belgrade, shaping the geopolitical landscape.
The year 1888 saw a crisis averted due to Italy's allegiance to the Triple Alliance, primarily driven by France's expansionist policies in North Africa. France's attempts to undermine Italy's interests through economic tactics strengthened Italy's ties with Central Europe, solidifying its practical alliances and shaping its geopolitical trajectory.
The perspective of a Frenchman offers insight into Italy's economic ties with Germany, shaping its geopolitical positioning. Italy's economic dependence on Germany served as a buffer against potential French aggression, preventing conquest through economic means. This economic entanglement contributed to defusing tensions in the late 1880s, highlighting the intricate interplay between economics and politics.
Examining the events of 1888 and juxtaposing them with those of 1914 reveals striking similarities, suggesting systematic forces at play. Press incitements originating in Petersburg and echoing in Germany mirrored patterns observed in both crises. The political landscape became increasingly complex, particularly regarding Italy's alignment with Central Europe. This complexity was exacerbated by the growing sentiment in Europe that Austria-Hungary was destined for dissolution.
The psychological impact of these geopolitical shifts is evident in various social and political spheres. Instances such as the renaming of an exhibition piece to avoid offending Italian sensibilities underscore the delicate balance of power dynamics. The nuanced give-and-take between nations reflects broader geopolitical trends and influences public opinion.
These shifts in mood and perception are critical as they lay the groundwork for deeper occult and esoteric influences on geopolitics. Secret societies and hidden forces subtly manipulate events to achieve their goals, utilizing societal moods and streams of consciousness for their purposes. Understanding these hidden influences is essential for comprehending the broader geopolitical landscape and the currents shaping global events.
Ultimately, the recognition of both spiritual and material forces at play is crucial for navigating the complexities of contemporary geopolitics. Ignoring these factors can lead to misunderstandings and false premises, exacerbating global tensions and contributing to current turmoil. Embracing self-knowledge and acknowledging the occult aspects of geopolitics can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the world's affairs.
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59%: Have you ever been in a physical fight?
This is an attack on all of us. The government of the most powerful country in the world is attacking and crushing freedom of press and information.
The information published by WikiLeaks thanks to the brave informants who provided it belongs to the public. We need to know what those in power are doing and demand prosecution for crimes committed.
60%: Who is the person you love the most?
′′ Having investigated this case in my capacity as a special reporter in torture, by the UN, I am absolutely convinced that, if he is extradited to the United States, Assange will be exposed to unfair trial and conditions of detention equivalent to torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading punishments
61%: Do you have nightmares?
Christine, Julian's mommy, for all of us:
′′ Dear #TeamAssange:
Even though defense attorneys / witnesses are doing well in court...
Only a moron would let his guard down.
Until the charges are dropped
Until Julian is released from Belmarsh prison
Until Julian is safe..."
62%: How are you feeling right now?
Today, today
′′ Day 2 of medical evidence.
Day 2 of the United States ripping the little that remained of Julian's privacy, his private suffering and desperation and ours
63%: Can i message you?
Give Julian a little piece of your heaven.
Go out where you are and share the sky you see. I love you
Julian must see the sun again!! 佺
Just share your photo with the hashtag:
#FreedomForAssange #NoExtradicion #méxicoconjulian
64%: Would you ever meet me?
′′ When Julian starts WikiLeaks in 2006 he told me he was going to do something to help people denounce repressive regimes, knowing the truth about the abuses that occur in those countries.
For 4 years that was what happened and his life wasn't threatened, he was safe at his job. But when the US documents were revealed. U.S. everything changed.
For some reason it was okay to produce documents from other countries, but hardly the US. U.S. he felt ashamed, his life was threatened.
Then I have 2 reactions; one as a mother who wishes she hadn't. Another as a citizen who knows WikiLeaks brought transparency to the world about abuse of power, corruption, extortion, kidnapping, torture and fraud...Of course I fully support my son ".
Christine Assange, mother of Julian Assange.
65%: Do you work out?
#FreeAssange #NoExtradition #méxicoconjulian #AmplifyAssange
66%: How do you feel about your ex's?
Being a Nazi official gives you press attention, microphones, interpreters and weeks to try to justify massive killings, but if you expose US government crimes they'll lock you in an armored glass box, in a secret trial, hidden from the public.
67%: • free question •
This is the book where David Leigh's trash, sorry, the The Guardian journalist released the password of encrypted archives. It was NOT Assange.
Unfortunately this was the first book I read about Assange and WikiLeaks but fortunately I kept reading and stumbled upon the truth, I didn't keep that fake version of the story. I've always admired Julian and I will never stop doing it.
Leigh should be on trial.
68%: Are you happy?
#Snowden
69%: What is your favorite dessert?
We'll see if, now checked Julian's fragile state of mind, the cowardly UK government respects some of the law and avoids extradition to the United States.
70%: What is your favourite animal?
The prosecutor asks Dr. Kopelman about patients who ′′ exaggerate ′′ their symptoms...
71%: Have you cried lately?
I've read so much about solitary lockdown especially at Guantanamo... can't imagine what it feels like... It breaks my heart. How is it possible that a human being is treated like this?
72%: Are you working?
The next few days will be very difficult for us. The court will hear evidence of Julian's physical and mental condition and whether or not he will survive extradition to America to face 175 years in prison.
73%: What is your biggest dream?
Today's hearing is about to start.
74%: Are you in love?
I've heard journalists (international, who do report about Assange) in recent days criticizing and commenting that there is little support for Julian in general. And yes. But there are also many of us who support.
Acknowledge that we have been with global actions for years. united.
Where have you been? What are you waiting for to raise your voice before it's too late?
75%: What is your age dating range
Those who are being punished for US government crimes are the heroes that exposed them.
76%: Have you ever been disappointed in yourself?
′′ Assange has to be defended by all of us who love democracy, by whom we love press freedom, freedom of exchanges unions, who love freedom of organization ′′
77%: • free question •
′′ Julian faces 200 years in prison because he decided that people should know about the terrible crimes our governments commit to maintain their power.
If you're not supporting him, you're incredibly uninformed ".
And I would add ′′ What are you waiting for Wake up!"
78%: What is your favorite holiday?
M.I.A turned to court today to support his great friend Julian.
′′ We need the Snowdens and Assanges of the world now more than ever, including the dumb greedy companies and governments need them, it's like hiring prisoners to put out the fire. We need them ".
79%: Who do you talk to the most?
Prosecutors have declared in court that torture of men detained in Guantánamo is NOT relevant.
Remembering the:
“We tortured some folks”
- war criminal enjoying his freedom, Obama
80%: Would you die for someone?
Day 10 of Julian Assange extradition hearings.
NO EXTRADITION!
81%: When you are jealous, do you show it?
Tomorrow begins the third week of extradition trial.
Hang in there hero
82%: Are you toxic?
′′ If Assange is extradited, no journalist in the world will be safe from being jailed for life in the United States ′′-Daniel Ellsberg
After that, they will go against activists and universal human rights.
83%: Do you consider yourself a perverted person?
Love this picture of Julian and Davide Dormino
Hang in there hero
84%: Would you go back to your ex?
′′ In my opinion, Julian Assange is the most important journalist on the planet. He has struggled to expose truths and the message that the powers send is clear: do not attempt to expose our atrocities, our crimes or our corruption or you will see! - Pamela Anderson Activist Friend of Assange
85%: What is your dream job?
1984 is not an instruction manual
86%: Do you think i'm a nice person?
Great news for the heart! Julian's defense is killing it. Even the disgusting judge quiet.
All the prosecution abuse, all the injustice to Julian, the worst attack on journalism and press freedom...
Let's win!
All the protests, all the love, all the love we send to Julian from all corners of the world will achieve his freedom. Come on hero! Hang on
87%: • free question •
A HERO
Today Julian said ′′ I refuse to allow censorship of a torture victim in this court ".
The torture victim is the-Masri. The United States wanted to remove part of his testimony.
This is Julian. Defending the victim s' voice even while he's locked in a glass box.
My tears are coming out. How many people can brag about being as brave, strong as him? How many people defend people they don't know with their own freedom?
88%: Do you love me ..?
YES.
89%: Do you consider yourself attractive?
I would love to be there with activists outside Old Bailey.
#FreeAssange #NoExtradition
90%: Do you think you're important?
Remarks by Julian Assange at the Ecuadorian Embassy in London in August 2012, when he had just received political asylum:
′′ On Wednesday night, after a threat was sent to this embassy and the police descended on the building, you came in the middle of the night to watch what was happening, and you brought with you in the eyes of the world.
Inside the embassy, after dark, I could hear a swarm of police teams entering the building through the internal fire exit. But I knew there would be witnesses. And that's because of you.
If the UK didn't throw the Vienna Conventions away that night, it was because the world was watching.
And the world was watching because you were watching.
The next time someone tells them that it is useless to defend those rights we have in higher esteem, remind them of their vigil in the dark before the Ecuadorian Embassy and how, in the morning, the sun came out in a different world, and a nation of America Latina with courage took positions in favor of justice. Thank you to these brave people ".
LET'S KEEP OBSERVING, LET'S KEEP SUPPORTING!! SHARE!!
#méxicoconjulian #NoExtradicion #FreedomForAssange
91%: What would you plan for us if we hung out for a day?
′′ I must say that defense witness John Sloboda (founder of Iraq Body Count) testifying if the documents of the Iraq War were the biggest contribution to knowing the full extent of civilian casualties was a powerful moment in court today!"
92%: Are you friends with like-minded or opposite-minded people?
Day 8 of Assange extradition hearing. We will be posting the corresponding information shortly.
#FreeAssange #NoExtradition
93%: What do you watch on Netflix?
The U.S. government has never been able to demonstrate, to this day, that Wikileaks posts (not even those allegedly leaked by Chelsea Manning) have put at risk or cost ONE person's lives.
94%: Are you a social butterfly?
Vienna
Irene Holzmayer-Cox thanks
95%: Do you like your life as it is?
Drop the charges!
First they came for Julian Assange.
It could be you later.
Wake up!
Stop extradition to America
#NoExtradición #FreeAssange
96%: What would make your life better?
London.
My grandfather was English. Now I'm very embarrassed about what the British government has done with Assange.
They have to exonerate him! You have to let him go! Assange is a political prisoner, journalist a hero.
97%: • free question •
′′ Every day, Julian is woke up at 5 am, handcuffed, put into a special cell, naked and x-rayed. They transport it for 1.5 hours (3 hours round trip) in what looks like a vertical coffin in a claustrophobic truck. They put him in a glass box in court where he can NOT consult his lawyers".
#NoExtradición #FreeAssange
98%: Am i important to you?
Daniel Ellsberg: “Yo no tuve un juicio justo, nadie lo ha tenido desde ese momento bajo esos cargos y Julian Assange no podría remotamente tenerlo”
99%: Favorite summer time event?
Goetz told the court that Wikileaks showed information about how the US government pushed the German to not allow the prosecution of CÍA members involved in the torture of the German citizen.
Prosecutors ask for testimony to be inadmissible, arguing that it is irrelevant to the case.
Judge calls for an agreement.
100%: Would you forgive someone who lied to you?
Goetz explains his work as a journalist on Khaled el-Masri's case (mentioned above). Salt Pit is a dark place or clandestine CIA prison, very famous, in Afghanistan.
~~@~~
Blood is very special fluid.
The Etherisation of Blood & the 2 poles in mans life of soul.
In~Between "writing" "books" and "short stories", I wanted to make sure that I have simply put everything I have on the table. There will be a lot of notes.
The Etherisation of the blood.
WILL awake when human asleep
WILL asleep when human awake
2 poles in mans life of soul.
Manifestation of will -> No thought->Violence
Poles ^V
Manifestation of thought->No Will->In awe of something
Ideation Vs Will
Waking life = Ideation Awake
Sleeping = Will Awake
Bothe(Above) are sleeping in relation to the spiritual life.
No power or control over will
Ideation Sleeps - Will Invigorates body.
Sleeps in his conceptual life at night.
Sleeps in his will life during day.
Man is unaware of Will awake during sleep.
You Never Stop.
Life of Ideation = Man Awake = Will Asleep (Life of soul)
^vPoles
Life of Will = Man Asleep = Ideation asleep (Life of thought)
Thoughts are contained in the Astral Plane.
All these thoughts are shadowed into head from plane - shadow reflections.
~~@~~
Hy,am 26no child looking for a 27-35 guy,he must be working
Short, normal dark in complexion
Am around Mpumalanga Nelspruit
Preferably a Shona, Ndebele or Zulu guy
Must be ready for HIV testing
~~@~~
Hello! I just recently came out publicly as Bi! I’m 36, married to a man and I have 4 kids. I’m genuinely looking for friends within my community and no, that’s not code for anything I’m looking forward to meeting you guys!
~~@~~
No more intro-intro, boyfriend already!! hahahaha, boyfriend, please
~~@~~
Hi everyone! My name is Milena, I’m 24, and I’m happily bisexual and am planning to come out to my parents this week. A bit nervous but excited to just be myself with them 😊 I’m so glad to be part of this page (very new to it and I already love it). Every time someone posts I’m excited to see the positive bi-love and support and silly memes. Thank you for all your beautiful souls and faces, love you all
~~@~~
Blood is a very special fluid - continued…
When Substance contains not only life but experiences inner sensation - It mirrors universal laws. It becomes a dimly lit microcosm of the entire macrocosm.
Crystal is an image of Cosmic Form.
Sentient Life is an image of Cosmic Life.
Higher and Lower Nervous systems mirror the universal ‘workings’
If you could switch off the higher and see inside the lower you would see a version of how the cosmos works.
Humans perceive only a tiny part of the cosmos today.
Cosmos is mirrored in sympathetic nervous system.
The Spinal Chord was then added.
The system of brain and spinal chord was extended to the organs - So contact was established with the outer world. Once humans reach this stage they no longer are just a mirror of the cosmic primordial cause - The Mirror image itself now entered into a relationship with the environment - The incorporation of the higher nervous system into the sympathetic nervous system denoted the change that occurred in the Astral body, where as formally it participated dully in the life of the cosmos - it now contributed its own inner experiences - the sympathetic nervous system experiences what is outside itself through the higher nervous system what takes place within itself.
Mental Images of clarity leave behind the dull images of earlier man ← Astral Body.
The reorganisation of the Astral body became extended to the Ether body - just as the reorganisation of the Ether body became permeated with the Astral body +just as, that what was added to the sympathetic nervous system - the brain + spinal chord - so what was set free from the Ether is what is called into being the circulation of living fluids now transformed these lower fluids into what we call Blood.
~~@~~
How's it Gonna Start? - Chapter 13.5
Dichotomies, Etymology
The term dichotomy is from the Greek language Greek: διχοτομία dichotomía "dividing in two" from δίχα dícha "in two, asunder" and τομή tom્ "a cutting, incision".
Usage and examples
The above applies directly when the term is used in mathematics, philosophy, literature, or linguistics. For example, if there is a concept A, and it is split into parts B and not-B, then the parts form a dichotomy: they are mutually exclusive, since no part of B is contained in not-B and vice versa, and they are jointly exhaustive, since they cover all of A, and together again give A.
In set theory, a dichotomous relation R is such that either aRb, bRa, but not both.
In statistics, dichotomous data may only exist at first two levels of measurement, namely at the nominal level of measurement (such as "British" vs "American" when measuring nationality) and at the ordinal level of measurement (such as "tall" vs "short", when measuring height). A variable measured dichotomously is called a dummy variable.
In the classification of mental disorders in psychiatry or clinical psychology, dichotomous classification or categorization refers to the use of cut-offs intended to separate disorder from non-disorder at some level of abnormality, severity or disability.
A false dichotomy is an informal fallacy consisting of a supposed dichotomy which fails one or both of the conditions: it is not jointly exhaustive and/or not mutually exclusive. In its most common form, two entities are presented as if they are exhaustive, when in fact other alternatives are possible. In some cases, they may be presented as if they are mutually exclusive although there is a broad middle ground (see also undistributed middle).
The divine dichotomy is mentioned in the Conversations With God series of books by religious author Neale Donald Walsch.
In economics, the classical dichotomy is the division between the real side of the economy and the monetary side. According to the classical dichotomy, changes in monetary variables do not affect real values such as output, employment, and the real interest rate. Money is therefore neutral in the sense that its quantity cannot affect these real variables.
In biology, a dichotomy is a division of organisms into two groups, typically based on a characteristic present in one group and absent in the other. Such dichotomies are used as part of the process of identifying species, as part of a dichotomous key, which asks a series of questions, each of which narrows down the set of organisms. A well known dichotomy is the question "does it have a backbone?" used to divide species into vertebrates and invertebrates.
In botany, a dichotomy is a mode of branching by repeated bifurcation – thus a focus on branching rather than on division.
In computer science, more specifically in programming-language engineering, dichotomies are fundamental dualities in a language's design. For instance, C++ has a dichotomy in its memory model (heap versus stack), whereas Java has a dichotomy in its type system (references versus primitive data types).
In the anthropological field of theology and in philosophy, dichotomy is the belief that humans consist of a soul and a body. (See Mind-body dichotomy.) This stands in contrast to trichotomy.
Perceived dichotomies are common in Western thought. C. P. Snow believes that Western society has become an argument culture (The Two Cultures). In The Argument Culture (1998), Deborah Tannen suggests that the dialogue of Western culture is characterized by a warlike atmosphere in which the winning side has truth (like a trophy). Such a dialogue virtually ignores the middle alternatives.
In sociology and semiotics, dichotomies (also sometimes called 'binaries' and/or 'binarisms') are the subject of attention because they may form the basis to divisions and inequality. For example, the domestic–public dichotomy divides men's and women's roles in a society; the East-West dichotomy contrasts the Orient and the Occident. Some social scientists attempt to deconstruct dichotomies in order to address the divisions and inequalities they create: for instance Judith Butler's deconstruction of the gender-dichotomy (or gender binary) and Val Plumwood's deconstruction of the human-environment dichotomy.
The I Ching and taijitu represent the yin yang theories of traditional Chinese culture. However, these do not represent a true dichotomy as the symbol incorporates a portion of each in the other, representing a dialectic.
In dialectical behavioral therapy, a treatment shown to have some success in treating some clients with Borderline Personality Disorder, an essential tool used is based on the idea of dichotomy. Dichotomy, in this case, is a self-defeating behavior using "all-or-nothing" or "black-and-white" thinking. The therapy teaches the patient how to change the dichotomy to a more "dialectical" (or "seeing the middle ground") way of thinking.
One type of dichotomy is dichotomous classification – classifying objects by recursively splitting them into two groups until all are separated and in their own unique category.
Astronomy defines a dichotomy as "the phase of the moon or an inferior planet in which half its disk appears illuminated".
~~'~~
Everything is the Light – An Interview with Nikola Tesla.
Narrated By: Gary Lite
My understanding is that this story is from a play, but if you listen carefully you will find gems of information! Part of this interview is dedicated to Tesla’s critics on Einstein’s theory of relativity that discards the ether as energy. I have proved in the new Theory of the Universal Law why Einstein’s theory of relativity is entirely wrong and why there is no vacuum (void), and that everything is energy. Thus I confirm Tesla’s ideas as expressed in this interview.
Avatar - BYE12FAQ UNO
1 year ago
Tesla said “We live in a Realm not planet”
Avatar - Innocent the Inexorable
1 month ago
Same thing - Plan E.T
Avatar - Jasmine Lynn
1 month ago
One time I didnt sleep for a while and I saw through to another realm where there are other people waiting. They can see us.
Avatar - 6’0’Clock Stoners
1 month ago
Jasmine Nightowl id like to know more about this if you would enlightenment me!
Avatar - seeker_92 110
1 month ago
@Jasmine Lynn what?might be hallucination bebe😘!when I used to do night shifts and awake for the whole day I used to see vivid images! Beautiful tho!
Avatar - WATER-MAN
1 month ago
@Jasmine Lynn I better hide my porn then!
Avatar - Jasmine Lynn
2 weeks ago
@6’0’Clock Stoners I dont know. I cant explain it. There is something there though. I dont know what they are doing. They seem to be stuck in time doing what they were doing before they died over and over and over again.
Avatar - moni zakkour
2 weeks ago
@Jasmine Lynn Does it happen frequentely to you? I have lucid dreams and, some dreams when I am no lucid, follow a patern, the building is the same is like another realm, than I just get small pieces of them when I wake up.
Avatar - B B
2 weeks ago
@Jasmine Lynn That's because "time" is an illusion. "Time" is a change in the "spacial arrangement" of the universe. It is a way for your brain to interpret the physical changes of the environment around you. "Time" itself is not technically a thing though. Do you know how atomic clocks work? They measure the vibration of cesium atoms. "Seconds" are not a measure of "time", they are a measure of the number of times a cesium atom vibrates. A "day" is simply the time it takes for the Earth to rotate. A "day" on Mars is much different than a "day" on Earth.
Due to this fact and that time itself does not exist, all things happen at the SAME time. All history of the universe has already happened, you just don't know it yet. Tesla was commonly known to profess that he had "visions" after nearly dying as a child. He would dream of patents, then wake up and draw what he had dreamed of. He credits this in some cases for his ability to file such a prolific volume of patents.
I "died" myself and have similar "visions" of the future. I'm not a genius like Tesla however, so instead of seeing patents I would create in the future, it's rather mundane stuff. Like driving to the grocery store...
I also have extremely vivid dreams where I frequently die and will get insomnia. I smoke marijuana as a treatment, and as long as I do, I don't dream. Which also means no "visions". Sleep deprivation can 100% lead to hallucinations, it also heavily effects the part of your brain that orders spacial changes into "time". Yes, there is literally a part of your brain that process things into a linear timeline. That part of your brain is different from that part of my brain, so we will experience time differently.
On average it takes your brain 18 milliseconds to process the light that hits your eyes. It has to coordinate that with what your are "smelling" at that exact time, what you are "hearing", and what you are "touching". Did you know that you don't actually "touch" anything? The sensation of "touch" is actually your brain's interpretation of the electrical repulsion from the atoms of whatever you're "touching", the atoms never actually collide though.
You could have been hallucinating, where the sleep deprivation is causing your brain to misfire and mismanage all the signals coming in, so things don't get put in the proper "spacial arrangement" that you are able to make sense of. You could have also been seeing into the future, or a remnant of the past, because all things happen at all times. The reason they were stuck doing whatever they were doing before they died is because we are ALL just "doing whatever we do before we die". We will continue to do so, forever. You are a permanent piece of the universe, in it's current arrangement, and you always will be. "Time" is an illusion.
Avatar - Jom Pop
1 week ago
@Jasmine Lynn we see you
Avatar - kindaLoudCivic
1 day ago
@seeker_92 110 look into Near Death Experiences and you'll see there's no "hallucinating" here.
Avatar - Perfectly Chaotic
3 years ago
Tesla the spiritual scientist :)
Avatar - Bogomil Bonev
1 month ago
"Women lie , men lie , numbers don't lie" - Nikola Tesla
Avatar - Star Light
2 years ago
Know Thyself, All is Self, All is Light, Love Thyself, Imortal Consciousness . :)
Knowledge is Power - Gary Lite
Avatar - Brendan II
3 years ago
Thank you so much for narrating this !!.... So much better when it isn't read by a robot voice! 修修
Avatar - Music Man The Vision
1 month ago
They asked Albert Einstein to define what a genius was. He simply said.
"Ask Tesla".
Avatar - timetowakeup now
2 years ago
Tesla changed my life.
Avatar - Dan K
3 years ago
this is the best content on youtube period
Avatar - Circe1
3 years ago
I am crying and I don't know why .... I had no idea WHO Tesla was until now
~~@~~
Evil Higher Devicon -> Province of the Asura's
Evil Lower Devicon -> Province of Ahriman
Evil Astral World -> Province of Lucifer
Sub Physical World
Physical World
Astral World
Lower Devicon
Higher Devicon
Light has a 4-fold quality, one of which is inwardness.
Energies forced downward from above into sub physical world
Evil Astral=> Electricity
Evil Ahriman=> Magnetic
Asura's=> F*cking Boom!
What Happens to Earths Corpse?
The residue of the earth will circle round Jupiter then dissolve into the universal ether.
The current moon is a previous corpse.
On Venus there will be no longer residue - warmth light pass-over.
Do not accompany the corpse.~~@~~
Hows it gonna start?
Chapter 13.88 - Is Vik There?
Life is like a mirror, if you give it a smile you'll get one right back.
What we are will show in what we do.
When You Change the way you look at things, the things you look at change.
~~@~~
Viktor Schauberger
(30 June 1885 in Holzschlag, Upper Austria – 25 September 1958 in Linz, Austria) was an Austrian forest caretaker, naturalist, parascientist, philosopher, inventor and biomimicry experimenter.
Schauberger developed his own ideas based on what he observed in nature. In Implosion magazine, a magazine released by Schauberger's family, he said that aeronautical and marine engineers had incorrectly designed the propeller. He stated:
As best demonstrated by Nature in the case of the aerofoil maple-seed, today’s propeller is a pressure-screw and therefore a braking screw, whose purpose is to allow the heavy maple-seed to fall parachute-like slowly towards the ground and to be carried away sideways by the wind in the process. No bird has such a whirling thing on its head, nor a fish on its tail. Only man made use of this natural brake-screw for forward propulsion. As the propeller rotates, so does the resistance rise by the square of the rotational velocity. This is also a sign that this supposed propulsive device is unnaturally constructed and therefore out of place.
~~@~~
THE END OF THE SESSION
In the Railway Accidents Bill there are provision which in a small way may prove useful, but the Bill is a cripple, having been deprived of the strong arm of compulsory automatic couplings, which was cut off to propitiate the railway directors. North British Daily Mail, Wednesday 8th August, 1900, p.4.
~~@~~
Films
In 1930, "Tragendes Wasser" was filmed, showing the functioning of the log flumes.
Nature Was My Teacher, narrated by Tom Brown (1993, Borderland Science Research Foundation) ISBN 0-945685-94-7
Sacred Living Geometry: The Enlightened Environmental Theories of Viktor Schauberger, narrated by Callum Coats (1995, Talkstudio)
Nearly two millennia before Jules Verne and H. G. Wells started writing about science fiction, Lucian of Samosata a Syrian satirist and rhetorician introduced the world to science fiction, envisioning a future where mankind would come find alien life, take place in interplanetary warfare, and come to know artificial life among other things.
Extraordinary Nature of Water, narrated by Callum Coats (2000, Filmstream)
Viktor Schauberger: Comprehend and Copy Nature, directed by Franz Fitzke (2007, Schauberger Verlag) ISBN 978-3-902262-01-1
The German submarine U-864 was a Type IXD2 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine in World War II. She departed from Kiel on 5 December 1944 on her last mission, to transport to Japan a large quantity of mercury, parts, and engineering drawings for German jet fighters. While returning to Bergen, Norway to repair a misfiring engine, U-864 was detected and sunk on 9 February 1945 by the British submarine HMS Venturer, killing all 73 on board. It is the only documented instance in the history of naval warfare where one submarine intentionally sank another while both were submerged.
~~@~~
SHUNTING ACCIDENTS IN FIFE.
In the Commons last night Mr Dalziel asked the President of the Board of Trade whether, in view of the danger to the travelling public resulting from the absence of proper shunting accommodation at Kirkcaldy and Sinclairtown Stations, and the accidents which had already resulted therefrom, he will take immediate steps to compel the North British Railway Company to provide increased accommodation. Mr Ritchie – The Board of Trade have no powers of compulsion; but they have communicated with the company several times on this subject, and as recently as July 20 they addressed a letter to the general manager, and received a reply intimating that the matter was still under consideration. The company will be pressed to arrive at some conclusion.
Edinburgh Evening News, Wednesday 8th August, 1900, p.2.
~~@~~
Books
Schauberger, Viktor: Unsere sinnlose Arbeit - Die Quelle der Weltkrise, Der Aufbau durch Atomverwandlung, nicht Atomzertrümmerung
(1933, Krystall-Verlag GmbH, 2001, Jörg Schauberger, ISBN 978-3902262004)
(Released in English as "Our Senseless Toil - The Cause of the World Crisis - Progress Through Transformation of the Atom - Not its destruction!")
Andersson, Olof: Living Water: Viktor Schauberger and the Secrets of Natural Energy (2002, Gateway Books, ISBN 9780717133901)
Schauberger, Viktor & Coats, Callum: Eco-Technology 1:
The Water Wizard - The Extraordinary Properties of Natural Water
(1998, Gateway Books, ISBN 9781858600482)
Schauberger, Viktor & Coats, Callum: Eco-Technology 2:
Nature as Teacher - New Principles in the Working of Nature
(1999, Gateway Books, ISBN 9781858600567)
[ VOLUME 2 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL - JUNE 2015 ]
E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138
~~@~~
136 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper
Mercury Propulsion System in Vedic Vimanas and Modern Spacecrafts
Shivanandam M. Professor and Head,
Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, Kanchipuram - 631561
Received June 1, 2015 Accepted June 5, 2015
ABSTRACT
Ancient Indian culture 7000 years ago knows how to create Vimanas to traverse the sky and beyond using a technology that NASA is still trying to harness today. There are many books and websites which forcefully and passionately assert that technologically advanced aircraft and spacecraft were in common use over the Indian subcontinent thousands of years ago. The sources also claim that advanced space propulsion technology being researched by NASA is in fact directly inspired by ancient flying machines. The references mentioned from Vedic texts such as Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Shortly after Pompeo's meeting with the two murders Netanyahu and MLB, top nuclear scientist in Iran is assassinated. Iran said Israel was likely behind the assassination of one of its top nuclear scientists on Friday and vowed revenge, sharply escalating tensions in the Persian Gulf in the final weeks of Donald Trump’s presidency. Pompeo, Netanyahu and Saudi crown prince ‘attend secret meeting’ | The Independent Srimad Bhagavatham, Ramayana, Mahabharatha, Vaimanika Shastra and Samarangana Suthtradhara cites Vimanas that fly in air, water and land. They mention various propulsion including Mercury propulsion. Vaimanika Shastra provides complete manual for Design, Material selection, Manufacture, Operation, Space suits, Food, Tackling enemies, Becoming invisible etc. S.B.Talpade, Sanskrit scholar has designed and constructed an aircraft based on Vedic principles and demonstrated the first unmanned flight.
~~@~~
Schauberger, Viktor & Coats, Callum: Eco-Technology 3: The Fertile Earth - Nature's Energies in Agriculture, Soil Fertilisation and Forestry
(1999, Gateway Books, ISBN 9781858600604)
Schauberger, Viktor & Coats, Callum: Eco-Technology 4: Energy Evolution - Harnessing Free Energy from Nature
(2000, Gateway Books, ISBN 9781858600611)
Viktor Schauberger (2006). Das Wesen des Wassers : Originaltexte, herausgegeben und kommentiert von Jörg Schauberger (in German). Baden, München: AT Verl. ISBN 9783038002727. OCLC 315001786. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019
~~@~~
So far 4 kilograms (8.8 lb) per year of mercury is leaking out into the surrounding environment, resulting in high levels of contamination in cod, torsk and edible crab around the wreck. Boating and fishing near the wreck has been prohibited. Although attempts using robotic vehicles to dig into the half-buried keel were abandoned after the unstable wreck shifted, one of the steel bottles was recovered. Its original 5 millimetres (0.20 in) thick wall was found to have corroded badly, leaving in places a 1 millimetre (0.039 in) thickness of steel
~~@~~
Coats, Callum: Living Energies:
An Exposition of Concepts Related to the Theories of Viktor Schauberger
(1996, 2001, Gateway Books, ISBN 9780946551972, ISBN 9780717133079)
Cobbald, Jane: Viktor Schauberger: A Life of Learning from Nature
(2006, Floris Books, ISBN 9780863155697)
Bartholomew, Alick: Hidden Nature: The Startling Insights of Viktor Schauberger (2004, Floris Books, ISBN 978-0863154324)
~~@~~
Following are the propellants used in electric propulsion.
Mercury
Xenon
Argon
Krypton
Hydrogen
The thrusters are called after the propellants and method of acceleration as:
Ion thrusters
Hall thrusters
Plasma thrusters
Ion and plasma thrusters are used in many spacecrafts for interplanetary missions.
Mercury vortex propulsion cited in Vedic texts is the forerunner for ion thrusters.
The image of a hall thruster is shown.
~~@~~
Notes:
Coats, Callum (April–May 1996). "Who was Viktor Schauberger?". No. 11.
Nexus. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Ronald Engert: Die Forellenturbine als Prinzip der kostenlosen Energiegewinnung. Freie Energie durch Implosion.
Viktor Schauberger, Implosion Magazine, No. 112, p. 52
Referenced by Hans Peter Hahn; Karlheinz Cless (2012). People at the Well: Kinds, Usages and Meanings of Water in a Global Perspective.
Campus Verlag. p. 22. ISBN 9783593396101. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019.
Bartholomew, Alick (2004). Hidden Nature: The Startling Insights of Viktor Schauberger. Edinburgh, Scotland: Floris Books. ISBN 978-0863154324.
~~@~~
Viktors images and drawings:
Radioisotope thruster
A theoretical propulsion system has been proposed, based on alpha particles (He2+ or 42He2+ indicating a helium ion with a +2 charge) emitted from a radioisotope uni-directionally through a hole in its chamber. A neutralising electron gun would produce a tiny amount thrust with high specific impulse in the order of millions of seconds due to the high relativistic speed of alpha particles.
A variant of this uses a graphite based grid with a static DC high voltage to increase thrust as graphite has high transparency to alpha particles if it is also irradiated with short wave UV light at the correct wavelength from a solid state emitter. It also permits lower energy and longer half life sources which would be advantageous for a space application. Helium backfill has also been suggested as a way to increase electron mean free path.
~~@~~
Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
(VASIMR)
Main article: Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
Variable Specific Impulse Magneto~plasma Rocket (VASIMIR), works by using radio waves to ionize a propellant into a plasma and then a magnetic field to accelerate the plasma out of the back of the rocket engine to generate thrust. The VASIMR is currently being developed by the private company Ad Astra Rocket Company, headquartered in Houston, Texas, with of help from Canada-based Nautel, producing the 200 kW RF generators for ionizing propellant. Some of the components and "plasma shoots" experiments are tested in a laboratory settled in Liberia, Costa Rica. This project is led by former NASA astronaut Dr. Franklin Chang-Díaz (CRC-USA). A 200 kW VASIMR test engine was in discussion to be fitted in the exterior of the International Space Station, as part of the plan to test the VASIMR in space – however plans for this test onboard ISS were cancelled in 2015 by NASA, with a free flying VASIMR test being discussed by Ad Astra instead. An envisioned 200 megawatt engine could reduce the duration of flight from Earth to Jupiter or Saturn from six years to fourteen months, and Mars from 7 months to 39 days.
The first person who wrote a paper introducing the idea publicly was Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in 1911. The technique was recommended for near-vacuum conditions at high altitude, but thrust was demonstrated with ionized air streams at atmospheric pressure. The idea appeared again in Hermann Oberth's "Wege zur Raumschiffahrt" (Ways to Spaceflight), published in 1923, where he explained his thoughts on the mass savings of electric propulsion, predicted its use in spacecraft propulsion and attitude control, and advocated electrostatic acceleration of charged gasses.
A working ion thruster was built by Harold R. Kaufman in 1959 at the NASA Glenn Research Center facilities. It was similar to a gridded electrostatic ion thruster and used mercury for propellant. Suborbital tests were conducted during the 1960s and in 1964, the engine was sent into a suborbital flight aboard the Space Electric Rocket Test-1 (SERT-1). It successfully operated for the planned 31 minutes before falling to Earth. This test was followed by an orbital test, SERT-2, in 1970
An alternate form of electric propulsion, the Hall effect thruster, was studied independently in the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s. Hall effect thrusters operated on Soviet satellites from 1972 until the late 1990s, mainly used for satellite stabilization in North South and in East-West directions. Some 100–200 engines completed missions on Soviet and Russian satellites. Soviet thruster design was introduced to the West in 1992 after a team of electric propulsion specialists, under the support of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, visited Soviet laboratories.
Propulsion Systems
Most of the spacecrafts orbit around earth, others orbit the sun or moon or other planets. The spacecraft need a means of moving through the space. To move from an orbit to another, the spacecraft has to escape the gravitational attraction of the planet and accelerate to a velocity sufficient to counteract the planet’s gravitational pull or field. Such high acceleration requires a lot of energy. The journey of any spacecraft starts with rocket propelled vehicle which is the only means of overcoming the earth’s gravitational field. Propulsion system is required to move the spacecraft to further orbit.
[ VOLUME 2 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL - JUNE 2015 ]
E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 137
Electric Propulsion
During the early days, chemical propulsion was used where the chemical reactions of the propellant is used to produce a flow of fast moving hot gas. Since the chemical thrusters are unable to generate high velocity and high impulse, electric propulsion (EPS) was developed. Electric propulsion is a generic name encompassing all the ways of accelerating a propellant using electric power. In the electric propulsion, the charged particles of the propellants are set in motion by electric field and magnetic field accelerates them. With electric field and magnetic field, the charged particles are accelerated and then ejected by the thrusters, thus producing the desired velocity and impulse. Generic name is ion thruster.
[ VOLUME 2 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL - JUNE 2015 ]
E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 137
Water rubs against itself - Tornado driven pyramids!
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Gogontle Lesedi
The outer always implies the inside. Therefore, we are not the product of a mechanical and meaningless universe/creation. We are expressions of [the universe's "essential" playfulness] and apertures through which this universe is observing itself. So, we are not a mere fluke.
No, you’re just another crop of stupid bipeds Some forms of energy (that an object or system can have as a measurable property)
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Type of energy Description
Mechanical the sum of macroscopic translational and rotational kinetic and potential energies
Electric potential energy due to or stored in electric fields
Magnetic potential energy due to or stored in magnetic fields
Gravitational potential energy due to or stored in gravitational fields
Chemical potential energy due to chemical bonds
Ionization potential energy that binds an electron to its atom or molecule
Nuclear potential energy that binds nucleons to form the atomic nucleus (and nuclear reactions)
Some forms of energy
(that an object or system can have as a measurable property)
Type of energy Description:
Chromodynamic potential energy that binds quarks to form hadrons
Elastic potential energy due to the deformation of a material (or its container) exhibiting a restorative force
Mechanical wave kinetic and potential energy in an elastic material due to a propagated deformational wave
Sound wave kinetic and potential energy in a fluid due to a sound propagated wave (a particular form of mechanical wave)
Radiant potential energy stored in the fields of propagated by electromagnetic radiation, including light
Rest potential energy due to an object's rest mass
Thermal kinetic energy of the microscopic motion of particles, a form of disordered equivalent of mechanical energy
The "Implosion Machine" or "Water Tornado" home-power generator as illustrated.
The Atom Transforming Machine
Whorl-Pipes:
Special Jet Nozzles: the tips of the whorl-pipes
The Water Tornado machine could produce a Mega watt of electricity
Clean Air Machine
Viktor Schauberger's Biological Submarine
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Introduction
Wright brothers demonstrated on December 17th 1903 that it was possible for a manned, heavier than air machine to fly. But in 1895, eight years earlier, the Sanskrit scholar S.B.Talpade designed a basic aircraft called Marutsakthi based on Vedic technology and it took off unmanned before a large audience in the Chowpathy beach of Bombay. Talpade was the first creator of an aircraft in modern times. Rocket technology was not available to place a spacecraft into a low orbit until the launching of SPUTNIK-1 in October 1957 by USSR. The launch of SPUTNIK-I was followed by space race. In the last 50 years, USA, Russia and Europe has launched a variety of spacecrafts within the earth and then to other planets. During the Vedic period (10,000AD) in ancient India, the flying machine was called Ratha and later vimana. The Vimanas were used for travel from one place to another place, from one country to another and between the planets.
Experts say the right kind of propulsion system could carry spacecraft to Saturn in just two years. The direct fusion drive (DFD), a concept being developed by Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, would make extremely fast work of the nearly billion miles between Earth and Saturn.
Universe Today reports:
“[T]he engine itself exploits many of the advantages of aneutronic fusion, most notably an extremely high power-to-weight ratio,” a press release reads. “The fuel for a DFD drive can vary slightly in mass and contains deuterium and a helium-3 isotope. Essentially, the DFD takes the excellent specific impulse of electric propulsion systems and combines it with the excellent thrust of chemical rockets, for a combination that melds the best of both flight systems.”
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Ultra Safe Nuclear Corporation (USNC) has designed a new thermal nuclear engine it says could carry astronauts to Mars in just three months—and back to Earth in the same amount of time. By using ceramic microcapsules of high assay low enriched uranium (HALEU) fuel, USNC's thermal nuclear engine could cut the trip in half even from optimistic estimates.
The Department of Energy has found that HALEU fuel is, relative to the higher risk of handling nuclear materials at all, less dangerous than it could be. Cosmic radiation is probably far worse, and negotiating around it has been a huge barrier to any hypothetical Mars travel.
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NOVEMBER 25, 2020
Neutrinos yield first experimental evidence of catalyzed fusion dominant in many stars
by University of Massachusetts Amherst - Andrea Pocar.
(The Borexino Collaboration. Experimental evidence of neutrinos produced in the CNO fusion cycle in the Sun. Nature 587, 577–582 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2934-0)
For much of their life, stars get energy by fusing hydrogen into helium, he adds. In stars like our sun or lighter, this mostly happens through the 'proton-proton' chains. However, many stars are heavier and hotter than our sun, and include elements heavier than helium in their composition, a quality known as metallicity. The prediction since the 1930's is that the CNO-cycle will be dominant in heavy stars.
Neutrinos emitted as part of these processes provide a spectral signature allowing scientists to distinguish those from the 'proton-proton chain' from those from the 'CNO-cycle.' Pocar points out, "Confirmation of CNO burning in our sun, where it operates at only one percent, reinforces our confidence that we understand how stars work."
Beyond this, CNO neutrinos can help resolve an important open question in stellar physics, he adds. That is, how the sun's central metallicity, as can only be determined by the CNO neutrino rate from the core, is related to metallicity elsewhere in a star. Traditional models have run into a difficulty—surface metallicity measures by spectroscopy do not agree with the sub-surface metallicity measurements inferred from a different method, helioseismology observations.
Pocar says neutrinos are really the only direct probe science has for the core of stars, including the sun, but they are exceedingly difficult to measure. As many as 420 billion of them hit every square inch of the earth's surface per second, yet virtually all pass through without interacting. Scientists can only detect them using very large detectors with exceptionally low background radiation levels.
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The Sun is now showing its ‘inter-dimensionality’.
A hypersphere / N-sphere, is now being displayed by the Sun.
The Christ being lives in the Kingdom of our Sun.
"The Sun is the head of a featherless vulture."
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Humans Have Taken Their First Trip Inside a Hyperloop
Will this be an inflection point in transportation history?
On Sunday, Virgin Hyperloop sent two passengers through its pneumatic maglev train for the first time. It represents a historical moment for hyperloop technology, as this is the first manned test of the technology to date. Virgin Hyperloop isn't alone in this space. Competitors include Elon Musk's The Boring Company and Hyperloop Transportation Technologies. One small trip for humans, one giant leap for Virgin Hyperloop. In a historic first, two passengers embarked on a high-speed hyperloop train on Sunday evening at the Virgin Hyperloop's 1,640-foot DevLoop test track in Las Vegas, Nevada. Clearly, Virgin Hyperloop was confident in the trial, because the two passengers onboard were Josh Giegel, its chief technology officer and cofounder, and Sara Luchian, the company's head of passenger experience.
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NOTES:
When you replaced the workload of the horse to the machine.
This transition is important for the change to AI
Transition From Luciferic to Ahrimanic Age & the Christ event to come.
Objective force against objective force
Objective force independent of humans decided the result of the war.
War of horsepower years determined this part of human evolution,
Pole
Luciferic
forces outside of humanity
forces independent of humanity
CHRIST
America had 179 million horse power years 1912
Figures of energies mobilized through technologies - 1870-1912
Knowledge of inverters - Magnetics - tesla - realms + free electricity - dimensions - God - was known.
The British Empire staged the 2 wars - earth was already a prisoner to the empire.
2023 - Luciferic - Ahrimanic change
Ahrimanic powers are alive and growing
Pole
Units of energy are measured against the amount of work a horse does in a year, immediately preceding the outbreak of war Germany was producing 79 million horse power years of coal derived energy/per year. ←what?
Statistically every person in Germany had a horse.
Population was 79 million Germany (this is all outer - Luciferic)
79 Million horse power years of coal derived energy was brought to action at the front line at the start of the war.
(Secret war of energy - Tesla Shuman Inverters)
6 7/10 Million - 1870
6.5 Million in 1870
79 Million in 1912
Germany + Austria = 90 Million
France Russia and Belgium together had 35 million horsepower years available before ww1
Great Britain had 98 million horse power years + 134/90
Drifting into Ahrimanic world at speed!
Human beings are growing the Ahrimanic being independent of themselves - they did the same with coal - you create a power independent of man + more powerful
Impotence of perception.
Campaigns of lies. What reason is there to tell the truth now?
Energy war / Lies / enslavement by England
Etheric Christ
Ahrimanic - will manifest in person in early part 3rd millennium.
Christ 2023 - Give mankind his bearings.
Krishnamurti / Steiner / Tesla / Mohammad / Anananda
Progressive Ahrimanisation of the world
People got used to living in a lie
Influence of external products of technology on the will is going to make the unconscious will react with the conscious sphere
Buddha
Luciferic Ahrimanic meets at 2023
People don’t want to know the truth
WILL DEMONS
Lucifer manifest in person in Persia 3000bc
Human beings can no longer get through to each other
This causes a particular mood to develop
people live with inner untruthfulness
Bayle
No such thing as a Christian state.
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Hows it Gonna End?
Chapter 14 - Crooked Trees and Rusty Leaves - Is Nik There?
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Interior of a Great Central box near Annesley, England (September 1918)
Signalwoman at Annesley Sidings No. 2 Cabin
on the Great Central Railway in September 1918
By George P. Lewis - Imperial War Museum, London, catalogue number Q 28148, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7123662
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A mechanical lever frame inside the signal box at Knockcroghery in Ireland
By Signalhead at the English-language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7181581
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Nothing is more important to us on Earth than the Sun. Without the Sun's heat and light, the Earth would be a lifeless ball of ice-coated rock. The Sun warms our seas, stirs our atmosphere, generates our weather patterns, and gives energy to the growing green plants that provide the food and oxygen for life on Earth. (Nasa History)
We know the Sun through its heat and light, but other, less obvious aspects of the Sun affect Earth and society. Energetic atomic particles and X-rays from solar flares and other disturbances on the Sun often affect radio waves traveling the Earth's ionosphere, causing interference and even blackouts of long-distance radio communications. Disturbances of the Earth's magnetic field by solar phenomena sometimes induce huge voltage fluctuations in power lines, threatening to black out cities. Even such seemingly unrelated activities as the flight of homing pigeons, transatlantic cable traffic, and the control of oil flow in the Alaska pipeline apparently are interfered with by magnetic disturbances caused by events on the Sun. Thus, understanding these changes - and the solar events that cause them - is important for scientific, social, and economic reasons. (Nasa History)
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This is a small electrical signal box, panel and controls.
(By Sir Ross BA - Own work, CC BY 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12717576)
Trimley Junction IFS panel in the 1988 replacement signal box; built by BREL York
Interior of the 1988 Trimley Junction Signal box. This Signal box replaced the Original 1891 G.E.R. Installation on the up platform when the new line to the North Rail Terminal in Felixstowe Dock was installed.
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We have long recognized the importance of the Sun and watched it closely. Primitive people worshiped the Sun and were afraid when it would disappear during an eclipse. Since the early seventeenth century, scientists have studied it with telescopes, analyzing the light and heat that manage to penetrate our absorbing, turbulent atmosphere. Finally, we have launched solar instruments and ourselves-into space, to view the Sun and its awesome eruptions in their every aspect.(Nasa History)
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Multi-mode optical fiber in an underground service pit
By Bidgee - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5 au,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11970081
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared or visible light through an optical fiber. The light is a form of carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference is required. This type of communication can transmit voice, video, and telemetry through local area networks or across long distances.
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Class 66 at Bardon Hill signal box in Leicestershire, England.
It is a Midland Railway signal box dating from 1899, although the original mechanical lever frame has been replaced by electrical switches. Seen here in 2009.
By MaltaGC - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7300890
A train loaded with Granite chippings departs from the Bardon Hill quarry exchange sidings on the former Leicester and Swannington Railway. Hauled by Freightliner class-66 Co-Co 66563, the train is heading south to the London area. Bardon Hill signal box is a Midland Railway type 2b box dating from 1899, although the original mechanical lever frame has been replaced by electrical switches.
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Once, when we looked at the Sun by the visible light that reaches the ground, it seemed an average, rather stable star. It was not exactly constant, but it seemed to vary in a fairly regular fashion, with a cycle of sun spots that comes and goes in about eleven years. Now the Space Age has given us an entirely different picture of the Sun. From space we have seen the Sun in other forms of light-ultra violet, X-rays, and gamma rays - that never reach the ground. This radiation turns out to be far more responsive to flare eruptions and other so-called solar activity.
(Nasa History)
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Integrated Electronic Control Centre
IECC trackerball and associated buttons used for route setting.
By Signalhead at the English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16145699
IECCs were developed as an alternative to the traditional switch or button panel control, which in turn replaced mechanical lever frames. From the start, they controlled Solid State Interlockings (SSIs), a software version of the traditional relay interlocking, but existing relay interlockings may also be controlled from an IECC. The system can control as many miles of track as required, but typically around 50–100 miles.
Recently, PC-based control systems, similar to the IECC have been developed and are sold by various signalling contractors, e.g. Westinghouse Rail Systems WESTCAD.
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We now see the Sun as a place of violent disturbances, with wild and sudden movements above and below its visible surface. In addition, the influence of solar activity seems to extend to much greater distances than we had believed possible. New studies of long series of historical records reveal that the Sun has varied in the past in strange and unexplained ways. Scientists wonder how such variations might affect the future climate on Earth. (Nasa History)
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Signal box and tracks at Deval interlocking, Des Plaines, in 1993
By Slambo - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=433758
Interlocking tower and tracks at Deval interlocking, in Des Plaines, Illinois. Built by Chicago and North Western RR, later controlled by Union Pacific RR. The tower was closed in 2005 and razed in 2012.
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[Duke has been shot in a botched holdup.]
Duke: The lights are growing dim. I know a life of crime led me to this sorry fate... And yet, I blame society. Society made me what I am.
Otto Maddox: Bullshit! You're a white suburban punk, just like me!
Duke: But it still hurts!
Otto Maddox: You're gonna be all right. [Duke groans pitifully] Maybe not.
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Signal box in Krzeszowice, Poland, in 2008
By Signalhead at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7181573
Signal box KR-1 at Krzeszowice, Poland.
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We have obtained a clearer picture about the scope of the Sun's effects. Its magnetic field stretches through interplanetary space to the outer limits of the solar system. Steady streams and intense storms of atomic particles blow outward from the Sun, often encountering the atmospheres of our Earth and the other planets. The spectacular photos of the Earth from space show only part of the picture. Instruments carried on satellites reveal a wide variety of invisible phenomena - lines of magnetic force, atomic particles, electric currents, and a huge geocorona of hydrogen atoms - surrounding the Earth. Each is as complex and changing as the visible face of the globe. The Earth's magnetic field extends tens of thousands of miles into space, and many different streams of electrons and protons circulate within it. Huge electric currents flow around the Earth, affecting their high-altitude surroundings as well as our environment at ground level. (Nasa History)
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Jay Interlocking, Long Island Rail Road, Jamaica, New York City
By Jim.henderson - Own work, CC0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8330708
Looking northeast from an eastbound train at Jay Interlocking Tower, west of Jamaica LIRR Station, on a sunny midday.
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Leila: What if he's innocent?
Agent Rogersz: No one is innocent. Proceed.
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The Sun!
The image was taken through a 80mm Vixen refractor mounted on a Super Polaris equatorial mounting. Sonnenfilter SF100 full aperture solar filter was used to reduce the light intensity. The film is used as a filter that goes over the aperture of the telescope making it safe to observe and image the Sun. The camera was a Canon 550D DSLR at prime focus. Exposure was 1/400 sec at ISO100.
Geoff Elston - Society for Popular Astronomy, Solar section, Space observations have greatly expanded our ability to look at the Sun, at interplanetary space, and at the immediate surroundings of the Earth itself. We can now "see" many phenomena that are completely undetectable from the Earth's surface, and we now have a much better, more complete and more coherent picture of how events in one part of our solar system relate to activity in another. (Nasa History)
The Sun photographed at 304 angstroms
by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This is a false-color image of the Sun observed in the extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum.
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The Sun, as seen from the Earth point of view
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Birmingham New Street Signal Box
CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1032647
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False-color wiggle animation of the Sun
The Sun in 3D Viewed through STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory). Animated GIF Created using two images taken by STEREO twin spacecraft.
(Left Eye + Right Eye image)
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The sun as seen in gamma rays by COMPTEL during a June 15, 1991, solar flare. The sun is ordinarily not known to produce gamma rays, but during this solar flare, steams of neutrons poured into the intrastellar medium to create gamma rays. This image provided the first evidence that the sun can accelerate particles for several hours. This phenomenon was not observed before CGRO and represents a new understanding of solar flares
The COMPTEL data are analyzed jointly by Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, which also helped build the instrument; NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, which controls CGRO Science Department of the Astrophysics Division of ESA/ESTEC in Noordwijk, Netherlands; and the University of New Hampshire.
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Chicago Transit Authority control tower at a busy loop junction
By I, Daniel Schwen, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3076712
Cross junction in the northwest corner of the Loop in Chicago (Tower 18).
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New analysis method predicts disruptive solar flares
An image of a solar flare captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory on Oct. 2, 2014. Credit: NASA/SDO
Solar flares—violent explosions on the surface of the sun—can send blasts of radiation hurtling toward Earth. While the planet's magnetic field protects humans on the surface, powerful solar flares can disable satellites, power grids and radio communications. But scientists aren't sure exactly what triggers solar flares, which makes it difficult to predict when one will occur. One theory suggests these massive explosions can be set off by small disturbances in the sun's magnetic field. Now, researchers have applied that theory to develop a novel method of predicting solar flares before they happen. This method could make the forecasting of solar flares more accurate and reliable than ever before.
Solar flares are intimately connected with the sun's magnetic field. While the lines of Earth's magnetic field are straight and static, running from the south pole to the north pole, the surface of the sun is a chaotic sea of ions and heat, making its magnetic field lines wildly more complicated.
Some models suggest that solar flares occur when many magnetic field lines merge into one far larger loop. This can be caused by something as small as a single cosmic particle striking the surface—if the conditions are right. The new prediction method uses satellite images to find the places on the sun where conditions are ripe for these magnetic reconnections, and therefore solar flares. These conditions can also suggest how big a potential flare can be.
"At some positions on a mountain, a small crack can trigger an avalanche," said Kanya Kusano, a professor of Earth and space science at Nagoya University in Nagoya, Japan, and lead author of the study. "But in other places, only a big crack will trigger it. We implement our theory to calculate how many magnetic reconnections, at a certain position, are required to trigger a solar flare."
An X-class solar flare flashes on the edge of the Sun on March 7, 2012. This image was captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory and shows a type of light that is invisible to human eyes, called extreme ultraviolet light. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO
Kusano's work analyzed satellite data from the nine biggest solar flares in the last two solar cycles, and found his method was able to predict seven of them from satellite images alone. He and his colleagues detailed their findings online July 30 in the journal Science.
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Harris Switch Tower at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
By Niagara - Own work, CC BY 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17250833
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STARS AND SOLAR PHYSICS RESEARCH UPDATE
Solar flares are predicted by new model - 05 Aug 2020
Star burst: a solar flare as seen by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory.
(Courtesy: NASA/SDO)
A model that predicts when and where large solar flares will occur has been developed by a team led by Kanya Kusano at Japan’s Nagoya University. Their technique works by monitoring regions of high magnetic activity on the Sun’s surface and focusses on the instabilities triggered by reconnecting magnetic fields. Called the “κ-scheme”, their model could soon be part of an early warning system for incoming solar storms.
Solar flares are bright flashes on the Sun’s surface and are among the most dramatic and fascinating events in the solar system. Although the conditions that trigger them are still unknown, flares are often associated with the “active regions” close to visible sunspots. These regions contain strong magnetic fields that store vast amounts of energy. When the topologies of these fields change suddenly, this energy is violently released; often resulting in powerful bursts of X-rays, plasma, and energetic particles.
Known as coronal mass ejections, these bursts can trigger powerful solar storms if they interact with Earth’s upper atmosphere – risking the safety of astronauts, spacecraft and satellites, as well as electrical grids and radio communications on Earth. It is critical, therefore, that we can predict precisely when and where solar flares will occur. Currently, however, early warning systems are limited in their efficacy because they rely on empirical models that cannot fully capture the complex, multi-scale processes associated with solar flare formation.
Double-arc loop
Kusano’s team has taken a new approach based around the process of “double-arc instability”. In their κ-scheme model, two surface regions with opposite magnetic flux are connected by two current-carrying loops of magnetic field lines. Due to shearing, these loops become crossed and reconnect with each other, forming a single, double-arc loop. This field line then moves upwards as the instability grows, allowing further, smaller pairs of loops to reconnect underneath it. Over time, this creates a positive feedback loop that ultimately releases vast amounts of energy.
To test κ-scheme, Kusano and colleagues used the model to analyse 205 active regions on the Sun that were monitored by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory between 2006-2019. Overall, seven of these regions were responsible for solar flares powerful enough to trigger long-lasting storms on Earth. By monitoring the location and time evolution of each region, the κ-scheme accurately predicted when most of these flares would occur, up to 24 h in advance.
The model failed in its prediction of just two flares, which came from one specific active region that produced large flares without any accompanying mass ejections. Kusano’s team now hope to improve the κscheme’s predictions through upcoming observations from the 4 m Daniel K Inouye Solar Telescope, which first began operation in December 2019.
The instrument will measure the Sun’s magnetic field structures and dynamics with unprecedented resolution, potentially allowing the team to produce far better forecasts of when and where flares will occur.
Predicting large solar flares
The sudden release of magnetic energy on the Sun drives powerful solar flares, which are difficult to predict. Kusano et al. derived physics-based thresholds for the onset of large solar flares and show how they can be predicted from routine solar observations (see the Perspective by Veronig). They tested their method using observations of the Sun from 2008 to 2019. In most cases, the method correctly identifies which regions will produce large flares within the next 20 hours, although there are some false positives and false negatives. The method also provides the exact location where each flare will begin and limits on how powerful it will be. Accurate predictions of solar flares could improve forecasts of space weather conditions around Earth.
Science, this issue p. 587; see also p. 504
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The interlocking inside the Harris Switch Tower
By Niagara - Own work, CC BY 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17250948
The interlocking machine inside Harris Switch Tower in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
The machine is a Union Switch & Signal Model 14 with 115 levers.
Installed 1930, removed from service in 1980s. The machine has been restored and is connected to a computer simulator for a railway museum at the tower.
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Abstract
Solar flares are highly energetic events in the Sun’s corona that affect Earth’s space weather. The mechanism that drives the onset of solar flares is unknown, ampering efforts to forecast them, which mostly rely on empirical methods. We present the κ-scheme, a physics-based model to predict large solar flares through a critical condition of magnetohydrodynamic instability, triggered by magnetic reconnection.
Analysis of the largest (X-class) flares from 2008 to 2019 (during solar cycle 24) shows that the κ-scheme predicts most imminent large solar flares, with a small number of exceptions for confined flares. We conclude that magnetic twist flux density, close to a magnetic polarity inversion line on the solar surface, determines when and where solar flares may occur and how large they can be.
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Graphene amplifier unlocks hidden frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum
Light in the THz frequencies hits the ‘sandwich’ and is reflected with additional energy. Credit: Loughborough University
Researchers have created a unique device which will unlock the elusive terahertz wavelengths and make revolutionary new technologies possible.
Terahertz waves (THz) sit between microwaves and infrared in the light frequency spectrum, but due to their low energy, scientists have been unable to harness their potential. The conundrum is known in scientific circles as the "terahertz gap."
Being able to detect and amplify THz waves (T-rays) would open up a new era of medical, communications, satellite, cosmological and other technologies. One major application would be as a safe, non-destructive alternative to X-rays. However, until now, the wavelengths, which range between 3mm and 30μm, have proved impossible to use due to relatively weak signals from all existing sources.
A team of physicists has created a new type of optical transistor—a working THz amplifier—using graphene and a high-temperature superconductor. The physics behind the simple amplifier relies on the properties of graphene, which is transparent and is not sensitive to light and whose electrons have no mass. It is made up of two layers of graphene and a superconductor that trap the graphene massless electrons between them like a sandwich.
The device is then connected to a power source. When the THz radiation hits the graphene outer layer, the trapped particles inside attach themselves to the outgoing waves, amplifying them. Professor Fedor Kusmartsev, of Loughborough's Department of Physics, said, "As the THz light falls on the sandwich it is reflected, like a mirror."
A graphene amplifier. Credit: Loughborough University
"The main point is that there will be more light reflected than fell on the device. "It works because external energy is supplied by a battery or by light that hits the surface from other, higher frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. The THz photons are transformed by the graphene into massless electrons, which, in turn, are transformed back into reflected, energised, THz photons. Due to such a transformation, the THz photons take energy from the graphene—or from the battery—and the weak THz signals are amplified."
The breakthrough has been published in Physical Review Letters. The team is continuing to develop the device and hopes to have prototypes ready for testing soon. Prof Kusmartsev said they hope to have a working amplifier ready for commercialisation in about a year. He added that such a device would vastly improve current technology and allow scientists to reveal more about the human brain.
"The universe is full of terahertz radiation and signals, in fact, all biological organisms both absorb and emit it. I expect that with such an amplifier available, we will be able to discover many mysteries of nature, for example, how chemical reactions and biological processes are going on, or how our brain operates and how we think. The terahertz range is the last frequency of radiation to be adopted by humankind. Microwaves, infrared, visible, X-rays and other bandwidths are vital for countless scientific and technological advancements.
"It has properties which would greatly improve vast areas of science such as imaging, spectroscopy, tomography, medical diagnosis, health monitoring, environmental control and chemical and biological identification.
"The device we have developed will allow scientists and engineers to harness the illusive bandwidth and create the next generation of medical equipment, detection hardware and wireless communication technology."
“Nature has provided an abundant supply of energy in various forms which might be utilized if proper means and ways can be devised. The sun’s rays falling upon the earth’s surface represent a quantity of energy so enormous that but a small part of it could meet all our demands. By normal incidence the rate is mechanically equivalent to about 95 foot pounds per square foot per second, or nearly 7,300 horse power per acre of ground. In the equatorial regions the mean annual rate is approximately 2,326 and in our latitudes 1,737 horse power for the same area. By using the heat to generate steam and operating a turbine under high vacuum probably 200 horse power per acre could be obtained as net useful power in these parts. This would be very satisfactory were it not for the cost of the apparatus which is greatly increased by the necessity of employing a storage plant sufficient to carry the load almost threequarters of the time.
"The energy of light rays, constituting about 10% of the total radiation, might be captured by a cold and highly efficient process in photo-electric cells which may become, on this account, of practical importance in the future. Some progress in this direction has already been achieved. But for the time being it appears from a careful estimate, that solar power derived from radiant heat and light, even in the tropics, offers small opportunities for practical exploitation. The existing handicaps will be largely removed when the wireless method of power transmission comes into use. Many plants situated in hot zones, could then be operatively connected in a great super-power system to supply energy, at a constant rate, to all points of the globe.
"The sun emits, however, a peculiar radiation of great energy which I discovered in 1899. Two years previous I had been engaged in an investigation of radio-activity which led me to the conclusion that the phenomena observed were not due to molecular forces residing in the substances themselves, but were caused by a cosmic ray of extraordinary penetrativeness. That it emanated from the sun was an obvious inference, for although many heavenly bodies are undoubtedly possessed of a similar property, the total radiation which the earth receives from all the suns and stars of the universe is only a little more than one-quarter of one percent of that it gets from our luminary. Hence, to look for the cosmic ray elsewhere is much like chercher le midi dans les environs de quatorze heures [looking for lunch in the vicinity of fourteen o'clock]. My theory was strikingly confirmed when I found that the sun does, indeed, emit a ray marvelous in the inconceivable minuteness of its particles and transcending speed of their motion, vastly exceeding that of light. This ray, by impinging against the cosmic dust generates a secondary radiation, relatively very feeble but fairly penetrative, the intensity of which is, of course, almost the same in all directions. German scientists who investigated it in 1901 assumed that it came from the stars and since that time the fantastic idea has been advanced that it has its origin in new matter constantly created in interstellar space!! We may be sure that there is no place in the universe where such a flagrant violation of natural laws, as the flowing of water uphill, is possible. Perhaps, some time in the future when our means of investigation will be immeasurably improved, we may find ways of capturing this force and utilizing it for the attainment of results beyond our present imagining.”-Nikola Tesla
“OUR FUTURE MOTIVE POWER.” Everyday Science and Mechanics, December 1931.
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Neural Circuit.
A neural circuit is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated. Multiple neural circuits interconnect with one another to form large scale brain networks.
Neural circuits have inspired the design of artificial neural networks, though there are significant differences.
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Anatomy of a multipolar neuron
By BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28761830
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"Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates"
By Santiago Ramón y Cajal - Unknown source, Public Domain,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34544968
From "Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates" by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. The figure illustrates the diversity of neuronal morphologies in the auditory cortex. Found at http://www.anat.ucl.ac.uk/research/linden/
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By Novasdid - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58421153
Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Gray dots represent areas of language comprehension, creating a network for comprehending all language. The semantic circuit of the motor system, particularly the motor representation of the legs (yellow dots), is incorporated when leg-related words are comprehended.
Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013)
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Model of Cerebellar Perceptron
Model of a neural circuit in the cerebellum
By Albus, J.S., NIST - Theory of Cerebellar Function, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7470709
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This is a visual, organizational map of complex systems broken into seven sub-groups.
By Hiroki Sayama, D.Sc. - Created by Hiroki Sayama, D.Sc., Collective Dynamics of Complex Systems (CoCo) Research Group at Binghamton University, State University of New York, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12191267
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English: Partial map of the Internet based on the January 15, 2005 data found on opte.org. Each line is drawn between two nodes, representing two IP addresses. The length of the lines are indicative of the delay between those two nodes. This graph represents less than 30% of the Class C networks reachable by the data collection program in early 2005.
Lines are color-coded according to their corresponding RFC 1918 allocation as follows:
Dark blue: net, ca, us
Green: com, org
Red: mil, gov, edu
Yellow: jp, cn, tw, au, de
Magenta: uk, it, pl, fr
Gold: br, kr, nl
White: unknown
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Neuron and myelinated axon, with signal flow from inputs at dendrites to outputs at axon terminals. The signal is a short electrical pulse called action potential or 'spike'.
By Egm4313.s12 (Prof. Loc Vu-Quoc) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=72816083
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Human nervous system
By Medium69, Jmarchn - File:Nervous system diagram.png, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36395693
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White Matter Connections Obtained with MRI Tractography
Description
English: diffusion MRI Tractography in the brain white matter.
Date Published: December 23, 2008
Source Gigandet X, Hagmann P, Kurant M, Cammoun L, Meuli R, et al. (2008) Estimating the Confidence Level of White Matter Connections Obtained with MRI Tractography. PLoS ONE 3(12): e4006. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004006
Author Xavier Gigandet et. al.
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File:DTI-sagittal-fibers
Description
English: Visualization of a DTI measurement of a human brain. Depicted are reconstructed fiber tracts that run through the mid-sagittal plane. Especially prominent are the U-shaped fibers that connect the two hemispheres through the corpus callosum (the fibers come out of the image plane and consequently bend towards the top) and the fiber tracts that descend toward the spine (blue, within the image plane)
Français : Visualisation d'une mesure DTI d'un cerveau humain. Ce qui est représenté sont des faisceaux de fibres reconstruits qui traversent le plan demi-sagittal. On observe les fibres en U qui connectent les deux hémisphères à travers le corps calleux, qui sont particulièrement importantes (les fibres sortent du plan de l'image et par conséquent se courber vers le haut) ainsi que les faisceaux de fibres qui descendent vers la colonne vertébrale (bleu, dans le plan de l'image)
Deutsch: Traktographie-Verfahren rekonstruieren aus den Messdaten der Diffusions-Tensor-Bildgebung den anzunehmenden Verlauf größerer Nervenbahnen. Hier dargestellt sind die Ergebnisse für ein menschliches Gehirn; um die Übersichtlichkeit zu wahren, beschränkt sich die Abbildung auf Bahnen, die die Medianebene schneiden. Insbesondere sind dies die U-förmigen Faserbündel, die die beiden Hirnhälften verbinden (sie durchstoßen die Bildebene und sind nach oben gebogen) sowie die Faserbündel, die zum Rückenmark ziehen (blau dargestellt, liegen innerhalb der Bildebene)
Date - 22 September 2006
Source - Own work / Author - Thomas Schultz
Permission (Reusing this file) Rendering is own work, using a modified version of the BioTensor application developed at the University of Utah. The dataset is courtesy of Gordon Kindlmann at the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, and Andrew Alexander, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Behaviour, University of Wisconsin, Madison. It is publicly available from http://www.sci.utah.edu/~gk/DTI-data/
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You look like moonlight dancing on water,
its already begun.
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NOTES:
As people slide from the Luciferic sphere to the Ahrimanic sphere they will need to have access to or know what the Christ force is or they will simply be enslaved by their own journey towards the manifestation of Ahriman in the early part of the 3rd millennium.
All this will be deposited on the human soul.
The influence of external products of technology on the will, is going to make the unconscious react with conscious sphere. There will be no conscious awareness of this of course, for the whole is at a sub conscious level.
BUT A MOOD WILL BE CREATED OVER YEARS AND DECADES.
Emotional Weather is real.
Children will change dramatically / born with cosmic knowledge / will not accept old waysGertfvert? = Johann Gottfried von Herder
Autism/ADHA - These children have multi dimensional minds - The Mystery Schools can teach them how to use it - linear education will fail them.
Moods of times and numbers effected.
What am I?
Who am I?
Neurosis.
Nature Spirits determine our destinies/not machines.
Factors that have affected human destiny today is simply those coal/horse figures
All we see are the contents of our intellect.
Churches are Luciferic
Factories are Ahrimanic
We have lost the human being + the spirit + the human soul
Technology cannot be in charge of your life.
The simple man of Nazareth.
Ahrimanic forces fuel those smoking chimneys.
The catholic Church did not want the masses to access the Gospels / 4 Forms - Contradictions.
Failed to see the Mystery of Golgotha.
The Contradictions are deliberate genius.
That Disastrous determined war.
Spiritual Bedrock.
Elemental Spirits - Power of Christ restores back to human beings.
What is the Horse beside you doing?
Something alive in those machines
Products of technology
Longing for something that is lacking.
Children will show this - More + More
Fill soul with one strength - Not from Earth
Develop in Soul - The Christ Power
Inner feeling is more important than our external appearance.
True picture of the world is inside people.
Sphere of feelings and sensations.
Christ Event.
The destiny of the human race must be determined by human beings again.
Occult Obligations must be met.
In the energy of infinite love I AM ALIVE
I AM ELECTRICAL
I AM TRANSFORMATIVE
New bandwidth of emotions (9 actually)
7 Sisters Lemurians
The Bath-Kol - made a stream flow uphill
Pleiadeans - Millions of years old.
Teachings are for the human heart - not a platform to boast about abilities.
I came from love
I leave in love
I return to love
I am love
I am magnificent
I was born magnificent
I carry the light of the creator within me.
I am dearly loved by God
Mithras+Attig - mixed and spread by catholic church
Human Akosh / Interplanetary Akosh
Star Wars
Jesus could see high levels of clairvoyance - could see demonic spirits in rights ceremonies
Zarathustra
Transported to sun existence.
Young Humanity.
A CERTAIN MOOD AROSE.
Essenes clairvoyant impressions
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How's it Gonna Start? - Chapter - 15
The Golden Ass, Queer Epitaphs, The Myth of Osiris & The Bomb.
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Pyramid research
Many paranormal researchers and writers have long speculated about the potential energy properties of pyramid structures. Many theories are prevalent in the research, with writers believing pyramids to have several beneficial properties. Golod's research has been done whilst coordinating a team of scientists. The Russian Academy of Medical Sciences supports his research.
Golod has constructed over twenty pyramids across Russia and former Soviet satellites out of fiberglass and other materials. The largest of these structures is 44 meters high and weighs roughly 55 tons. Golod believes that the pyramid shape channels Earth's magnetic fields and creates positive energy fields that can be harnessed and controlled for man's use. Inside the largest he has placed a number of benches and large globes – geographical, topographical, and astronomical - for tourists to enjoy.
Among the many benefits Golod has claimed is a cause of these pyramids are:
A boost in immune system strength in fighting pathogens;. He has claimed that persons who enter the pyramid “will not become ill with cancer, AIDS, Alzheimers disease, or other sicknesses.”
Medicines becoming more effective after exposure to the pyramids;
Greater crop yield to seeds exposed to the pyramids;
Presence of an ion column that reportedly repairs Ozone layer;
Effects of radioactivity are lessened;
Cure impotence;
Moderate weather.
Golod also reported held an experiment on prisoners in which they were fed food that had been exposed to the pyramid. The prison reported that acts of violence diminished significantly. Russian astronauts were also reported to have taken objects and water from the pyramid on board the International Space Station to keep themselves healthy. He has also stated “If you put some cheap wine in here, it becomes superior to the finest vintage”. Athletes are reported to visit the pyramid to receive a boost of energy and strength from its powers.
Tourists come from all around the former Soviet states, as well as globally, to see the pyramids, which can be visited free of charge. Golod earns revenues through merchandise reportedly “energized” by the pyramid, including crystals and bottled water. In addition, it is common for weddings and other special events to be held within. A number of tourists have claimed they experienced positive results after visiting the pyramid. Success stories range from barren women being able to conceive after exposure, to the ozone layer above Russia being repaired.
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The Golden Ass.
Apuleius (/ɋæpjȐɇliɏǟs/; also called Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis; c. 124 – c. 170 AD) was a Latin-language prose writer, Platonist philosopher and rhetorician. He was a Numidian who lived under the Roman Empire and was from Madauros (now M'Daourouch, Algeria). He studied Platonism in Athens, travelled to Italy, Asia Minor, and Egypt, and was an initiate in several cults or mysteries. The most famous incident in his life was when he was accused of using magic to gain the attentions (and fortune) of a wealthy widow. He declaimed and then distributed a witty tour de force in his own defense before the proconsul and a court of magistrates convened in Sabratha, near ancient Tripoli, Libya. This is known as the Apologia.
His most famous work is his bawdy picaresque novel, the Metamorphoses, otherwise known as The Golden Ass. It is the only Latin novel that has survived in its entirety. Being an immensely sophisticated narrative that opens up various perspectives onto a rich cultural and social life, Metamorphoses was underappreciated until recent decades. It relates the ludicrous adventures of one Lucius, who experiments with magic and is accidentally turned into a donkey. Lucius goes through various adventures before he is turned back into a human being by the goddess Isis
Apuleius was an initiate in several Greco-Roman mysteries, including the Dionysian Mysteries. He was a priest of Asclepius and, according to Augustine, sacerdos provinciae Africae (i.e., priest of the province of Carthage).
Not long after his return home he set out upon a new journey to Alexandria. On his way there he was taken ill at the town of Oea (modern-day Tripoli) and was hospitably received into the house of Sicinius Pontianus, with whom he had been friends when he had studied in Athens. The mother of Pontianus, Pudentilla, was a very rich widow. With her son's consent – indeed encouragement – Apuleius agreed to marry her. Meanwhile, Pontianus himself married the daughter of one Herennius Rufinus; he, indignant that Pudentilla's wealth should pass out of the family, instigated his sonin-law, together with a younger brother, Sicinius Pudens, a mere boy, and their paternal uncle, Sicinius Aemilianus, to join him in impeaching Apuleius upon the charge that he had gained the affections of Pudentilla by charms and magic spells. The case was heard at Sabratha, near Tripoli, c. 158 AD, before Claudius Maximus, proconsul of Africa. The accusation itself seems to have been ridiculous, and the spirited and triumphant defence spoken by Apuleius is still extant. This is known as the Apologia (A Discourse on Magic)
Of his subsequent career we know little. Judging from the many works of which he was author, he must have devoted himself diligently to literature. He occasionally gave speeches in public to great reception; he had the charge of exhibiting gladiatorial shows and wild beast events in the province, and statues were erected in his honor by the senate of Carthage and of other senates.
Frontispiece from the Bohn's Classical Library edition of The Works of Apuleius: a portrait of Apuleius flanked by Pamphile changing into an owl and the Golden Ass.
The date, place and circumstances of Apuleius' death are not known. There is no record of his activities after 170, a fact which has led some people to believe that he must have died about then (say in 171), although other scholars feel that he may still have been alive in 180 or even 190.
The Golden Ass (Asinus Aureus) or Metamorphoses is the only Latin novel that has survived in its entirety. It is an imaginative, irreverent, and amusing work that relates the ludicrous adventures of one Lucius, who introduces himself as related to the famous philosophers Plutarch and Sextus of Chaeronea. Lucius experiments with magic and is accidentally turned into an ass. In this guise he hears and sees many unusual things, until escaping from his predicament in a rather unexpected way. Within this frame story are found many digressions, the longest among them being the well-known tale of Cupid and Psyche. This story is a rare instance of a fairy tale preserved in an ancient literary text.
The Metamorphoses ends with the (once again human) hero, Lucius, eager to be initiated into the mystery cult of Isis; he abstains from forbidden foods, bathes, and purifies himself. He is introduced to the Navigium Isidis. Then the secrets of the cult's books are explained to him, and further secrets are revealed before he goes through the process of initiation, which involves a trial by the elements in a journey to the underworld. Lucius is then asked to seek initiation into the cult of Osiris in Rome, and eventually is initiated into the pastophoroi – a group of priests that serves Isis and Osiris.
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The beginning of Latin literature dates to 240 BC.
Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings written in the Latin language. The beginning of Latin literature dates to 240 BC, when the first stage play was performed in Rome. Latin literature would flourish for the next six centuries. The classical era of Latin literature can be roughly divided into the following periods: Early Latin literature, The Golden Age, The Imperial Period and Late Antiquity.
Latin was the language of the ancient Romans, but it was also the lingua franca of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages, so Latin literature includes not only Roman authors like Cicero, Vergil, Ovid and Horace, but also includes European writers after the fall of the Empire, from religious writers like Aquinas (1225–1274), to secular writers like Francis Bacon (1561–1626), Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), and Isaac Newton (1642–1727).
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Queer Epitaphs, pp.93-116. RSH.
- THORPE'S CORPSE
FlikeNoir Scottish History
ONE of the oddest monuments in Europe is to be seen at Luneberg, in Hanover. We have heard of monuments to dogs and horses, but it is doubtful if, except at Luneberg, a monument has ever been erected to the memory of a pig. There, in the Hotel de Ville, the eye of the visitor is attracted by a slab of black marble, bearing the following inscription in letters of gold:-
Passer-by, contemplate here the mortal remains of
THE PIG,
which acquired for itself imperishable glory, by the discovery
of the Salt Springs of Luneberg.
Turning, however, to the monuments of a higher (if sometimes less useful) creation, and specially to their inscriptions, it has been said wisely, that an epitaph should be short enough for everybody to read, simple enough for everybody to understand, and pungent enough for everybody to remember. Also, that it should be written in the vernacular, to be intelligible to natives; and in Latin, that it may be intelligible to foreigners and future ages. Perhaps the epitaph that most nearly realises this ideal, and is at the same time one of the shortest rhyming couplets extant, is the one which looks up from the tombstone of Mr Thorpe, and makes the brief announcement,
THORPE’S CORPSE.
It may surely be said of this, if it can be said of any epitaph, that it is short enough for everybody to read, simple enough for everybody to understand, pungent enough for everybody to remember, while it may be said to be English and Latin in one. It has another conspicuous merit; it tells nothing but truth. The satirist who, on walking through a churchyard, and observing the indiscriminate praise bestowed on the dead, wrote over the entrance –
“HERE LIE THE DEAD AND HERE THE LIVING lie.” –
would have made an exception to the latter clause in favour of “Thorpe’s Corpse.”
In St. Giles’s Church in Shrewsbury, on the tomb of John Whitfield, surgeon, is the inscription –
COMPOSITA SOLVANTUR,
The very essence, or rather quaint-essence of Medical brevity.
Not less true, let us hope, than concise, is the epitaph written for himself by Gustavus III. of Sweden:-
TANDEM FELIX – “Happy at last.”
Next to the brief formula under which Mr Thorpe reposes, perhaps the neatest and briefest elegy that could be inscribed on a tombstone, and the one which, though not applicable to cases like that of the penitent thief, would be truest of the greatest number, is that well-known epigram:-
QUALIS VITA, FINIS ITA.
As he lived, so he died.
Safe enough, though far from exhilarating to the reader, is the ghostly style of admonition and warning so common on the headstones of last century. It is of these that the gentle and sensitive “Elia” speaks in his “New Year’s Eve:” –
“Out upon thee, thou foul, ugly phantom Death! In no way can I be brought to digest thee, thou thin, melancholy Privation… Those antidotes prescribed against the fear of thee are altogether frigid and insulting like thyself. For what satisfaction hath a man that he shall lie down with kings and emperors in death, who, in his lifetime, never greatly coveted the society of such bedfellows? … More than all I abhor those impertinent familiarities inscribed upon your ordinary tombstone. Every dead man must take upon himself to be lecturing me with his odious truism that such as he is, I must shortly be.”
Here is an inscription of the kind referred to, from a churchyard near Hastings.
The spelling agrees with the Sussex pronunciation:-
HERE LYETH THE BODY OF JOSEPH DAIN,
WHO DIED MAY 26, 1751.
Good peppell all, as you pass by,
I pray you on me cast an eye;
For as you am so wounce was I,
And as I am so must you be.
Therefore prepare to follow me.
The following, in the church at Croyland, introduces a few facts and a little philosophy, but ends with the inevitable memento:-
Beneath this place,
in 6 foot length,
against ye clark’s pew,
lyeth the body of Mr Abm Baly.
He dyed ye 3d of Jan., 1704.
Also ye body of Mary his wid.
She dyed ye 21st May, 1705.
Also 2 children of ye said Abm and Mary,
which dyed in their enfantry.
Man’s life is like untoe a winter’s daye,
Some brake ther faste and so depart away;
Others sta dinner – then depart full fed.
The longest age but supps,
and goes to bed.
O Reader,
then behold and see
As we are now,
so must ye bee.
1706.
The next is more conspicuous for its conciseness than for elegance:-
“Him as was, is gone from we, So we as is must go to he.”
The following is from St Julian’s Church, Shrewsbury:-
The Remains of Henry Corser of this parish of Chirurgeon, who Deceased April 11, 1691, and Anne his wife, who followed him the next day after –
We man and wife,
Conjoyned for Life,
Fetched our last Breath
So near, that Death,
Who part us would,
Yet hardly could.
Wedded againe,
In bed of dust,
Here we remaine,
Till rise we must,
A double prize this grave doth finde,
If you are wise keep it in minde.
Gough, in his “Sepulchral Monuments,”
gives the following from the Church of St Peter, at St Alban’s, date, 1420:-
“In the yere of Christ on thousand
and four hundred ful trew with
four and sixteene
I Richard Skipwith gentylman
in birth late fellow of New June,
In my age twenti on my sowl
partyd from the body in August
the 16th day
And now I ly her abyding
God’s mercy under this ston
in clay.
Desyring yow that this sal see
unto the Meyden pray for mee
That bare both God and Man,
Like as ye wold that other
for ye shold
When ye ne may nor can.”
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THE MYTH OF OSIRIS, part VII: THE REBELLION OF SETH AGAINST OSIRIS
AND THE WANDERINGS AND LAMENTATIONS OF ISIS
During the absence of Osiris
(during His conquest of Asia and all the inhabited Earth)
the tradition is that Typhon-Seth attempted nothing revolutionary
because Isis, Who was in control, was vigilant and alert.
But when Osiris returned home, Typhon-Seth contrived a treacherous plot against Him and formed a group of conspirators seventy-two in number. He had also the co-operation of a queen from Ethiopia who was there at the time and whose name they report as Aso. Typhon-Seth, having secretly measured Osiris's body and having made ready a beautiful chest of corresponding size artistically ornamented, caused it to be brought into the room where the festivity was in progress. The company was much pleased at the sight of it and admired it greatly, whereupon Typhon-Seth jestingly promised to present it to the man who should find the chest to be exactly his length when he lay down in it. They all tried it in turn, but no one fitted it. Then Osiris got into it and lay down, and those who were in the plot ran to it and slammed down the lid, which they fastened by nails from the outside and also by using molten lead. Then they carried the chest to the river and sent it on its way to the sea through the Tanitic Mouth. Wherefore the Egyptians even to this day name this mouth the hateful and execrable. Such is the tradition. They say also that the date on which this deed was done was the seventeenth day of Hathor, when the Sun passes through Scorpion. (...)
The first to learn of the deed and to bring to men's knowledge an account of what had been done were the Pans and Satyrs who lived in the region around Khemmis (Panopolis, in the IX nome of Upper Egypt), and so, even to this day, the sudden confusion and consternation of a crowd is called a panic.
Isis, when the tidings reached Her, at once cut off one of Her tresses and put on a garment of mourning in a place where the city still bears the name of Kopto. Others think that the name means deprivation, for they also express "deprive" by means of “koptein”.
(Plutarch, Isis and Osiris, I, 13)
[image: detail of a painted wood statuette of the Goddess Isis mourning.
Dated to the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Now in the Louvre Museum...]
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Move over millennials, there’s a new generation looking to debut by 2030.
Generation IV nuclear reactors are being developed through an international cooperation of 14 countries—including the United States.
The U.S. Department of Energy and its national labs are supporting research and development on a wide range of new advanced reactor technologies that could be a game-changer for the nuclear industry. These innovative systems are expected to be cleaner, safer and more efficient than previous generations.
Intrigued?
Here are three designs we are currently working on with industry partners to help meet our future energy needs in a cost-competitive way.
SFRs are designed for management of high-level waste and, in particular, management of plutonium and other actinides.
Idaho National Laboratory
The sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) uses liquid metal (sodium) as a coolant instead of water that is typically used in U.S. commercial power plants. This allows for the coolant to operate at higher temperatures and lower pressures than current reactors—improving the efficiency and safety of the system.
The SFR also uses a fast neutron spectrum, meaning that neutrons can cause fission without having to be slowed down first as they are in current reactors. This could allow SFRs to use both fissile material and spent fuel from current reactors to produce electricity.
Resource: Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Fact Sheet
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In Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh, of which an interesting account was recently published, the monument of George Heriot, father of “Gingling Geordie,” that favourite of James the Sixth, and founder of Heriot’s Hospital, bears a long and compendious inscription in Latin, of which the following is a metrical translation:-
“Passenger, who art wise, hence know whence you are,
What you are, what you are to be,
Life, gate of death; Death, gate of life to me,
Sole death of death gives life eternally.
Therefore, whoever breath draws from the air,
While live thou mayst, thyself for death prepare.”
In the same churchyard stands the famous monument to the martyrs, and a mausoleum erected to the memory of Sir George Mackenzie, who, as King’s Advocate during the reigns of Charles II. and James II., prosecuted the Coventanters. This monument, it is said, used to be regarded with superstitious dread by the good people of Edinburgh, as it was believed that the spirit of the dead man could get no rest in its gloomy cell. The boy used to consider himself very brave who could go up to the door and cry in at the key-hole –
“Bluidy Mackenzie, come out if ye daur, Lift the sneck and draw the bar.”
Another and (to the passer-by) less doleful kind of epitaph, is that in which the dead man, speaking through his tombstone, confines his observations to himself –
“Here lies W. W., Who will no more trouble you, trouble you.”
With what a mournful backward look at us poor “W.W.” seems to canter away to the Eternal Silences. This bachelor’s epitaph from Saddleworth is still more doleful:-
“At threescore winters’ end I died,
A cheerless being, sole and sad,
The nuptial knot I never tied,
And wish my father never had.”
There is more contentment expressed in the following:-
"I lays
Paddy O’Blase
My body quite at its aises,
With the tip of my nose
And the points of my toes
Turned up to the roots of the daisies.”
No “R.I.P.” needed there.
The Spectator (Oct. 24, 1712), gives the following:-
“Here lies the body of Daniel Saul, Spittal-fields weaver – & that’s all,”
copied from a slab in St Dunstan’s Churchyard.
“Hic jacet Johannes Aberdonensis,
Who built the churchyard dyke at his own expenses,” –
is the inscription on a slab in Cullen Churchyard, Banffshire, where the generous Aberdonian rests in peace behind the shelter of his own dyke. On another slab is engraved the following verse:-
“Here lies interred a man o’ micht,
His name was Malcolm Downie,
He lost his life ae market nicht
By fa’in aff his pownie.”
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~~@~~
Very High Temperature Reactor
VHTRs offer a broad range of process heat applications and an option for high efficiency electricity production.
Idaho National Laboratory
The very high temperature reactor is cooled by flowing gas and is designed to operate at high temperatures that can produce electricity extremely efficiently. The high temperature gas could also be used in energy-intensive processes that currently rely on fossil fuels, such as hydrogen production, desalination, district heating, petroleum refining, and ammonia production. Very high temperature reactors offer impressive safety features and can be easy to construct and affordable to maintain.
Resource: Very High Temperature Reactor Fact Sheet
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A still greater triumph in rhyme is the epitaph on Robert Trollope, architect of the Exchange and Town Court, Newcastle, of whose body, soul, and life-work it disposes summarily in the following fashion:-
“Here lies Robert Trollope
Who made yon stones roll up.
When death took his soul up
His body filled this hole up.”
Blomfield, in his “History of Norfolk,” gives the following from Holm Church in that county, date, A.D., 1404:-
“Henry Nottingham and his
wyff lyn here
That mayden this church,
stepull and quere,
Two vestments and bellez
they made also,
Christ them save therefore
fro wo!
And to bring ther soules to bles
of heven
Saint Peter and Ave with mylde Steven.”
In the graveyard at Acton, in Cornwall, there is this inscription:-
“Here lies entombed one Roger Morton,
Whose sudden death was early brought on;
Trying one day his corn to mow off,
The razor slipped and cut his toe off.
The toe, or rather what it grew to,
An inflammation quickly flew to;
The parts they took to mortifying,
And poor dear Roger took to dying.”
The following will be less gratifying to the medical adviser if he still lives:-
“Here I lie with my three daughters,
All along of drinking the Cheltenham waters;
Had we stayed at home and kept to Epsom salts,
We should not have been lying in these here vaults.”
On the grave of John Fish lies a large slab with the lines:-
“Here lies John Fish,
Who did earnestly wish
The baits of old Satan to shun,
And if that he should
Be caught in the mud
To the knot of Salvation to run,
And when drawn by death’s hook
From this turbulent brook,
The scene of his sorrow and strife,
That he might not be crammed
On the coals with the damned,
But swim in the waters of life.”
In Kent, there is still shown the tomb of an eccentric miller, who, in the year 1815, died and left handsome legacies to his executors, on condition that they should bury him under his mill, and engrave on his tombstone the following epitaph of his own composition:-
“Underneath this ancient mill
Lies the body of poor Will;
Odd he lived and odd he died,
And at his funeral nobody cried;
Where he’s gone and how he fares,
Nobody knows and nobody cares.”
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~~@~~
Molten Salt Reactor
MSRs have a closed fuel cycle that can be tailored for the efficient burn up of plutonium and minor actinides.
Idaho National Laboratory - Stay Informed - Get the latest news, blogs and videos from the Office of Nuclear Energy in your inbox. Molten salt reactors (MSR) use molten fluoride or chloride salts as a coolant. The coolant can flow over solid fuel like other reactors or fissile materials can be dissolved directly into the primary coolant so that the fission directly heats the salt.
MSRs are designed to use less fuel and produce shorter-lived radioactive waste than other reactor types. They have the potential to significantly change the safety posture and economics of nuclear energy production by processing fuel online, removing waste products and adding fresh fuel without lengthy refueling outages. Their operation can be tailored for the efficient burn up of plutonium and minor actinides, which could allow MSRs to consume waste from other reactors.
The system can also be used for electricity or hydrogen production.
Resource: Molten Salt Reactor Fact Sheet
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But how to make the best of both worlds, and how to bear in mind the hopes of the living as well as the virtues of the dead, was better understood by the author of an inscription in the cemetery of Upton-on-Severn, who ought to have been a Yankee. Here it is –
“Beneath this stone, in hopes of Zion,
Doth lie the landlord of ‘The Lion;’
His son keeps on the business still,
Resigned unto the Heavenly will.”
Akin to this is the following announcement made in the obituary list of an American paper:-
“Died, on the 11th inst., at his shop, No. 20 Greenwich Street, Mr Edward Jones, much respected by all who knew and dealt with him. As a man, he was amiable; as a master, upright and moderate. His virtues were beyond all price, and his beaver hats were only three dollars each. He has left a widow to deplore the loss, and a large stock to be sold cheap for the benefit of his family. He was snatched to the other world in the prime of life, just as he had concluded an extensive purchase of felt, which he got so cheap that his widow can supply hats at more reasonable rates than any house in the city. His disconsolate family will carry on business with punctuality.”
In a book called “Modern Eccentrics, some curious instances are given of persons not only preparing their own epitaphs, but even providing their own coffins, and erecting their own tombstones. One case is that of Mr John Guy, who died at Primrose Cottage, High Wycombe, Bucks, in 1837.
Mr Guy was possessed of considerable property, and was a native of Gloucestershire. His grave and coffin were made under his directions more than a twelvemonth previous to his death. He wrote the inscriptions, he gave the orders for his funeral, and wrapped in separate pieces of paper five shillings for each of the bearers. The coffin was very neatly made, and looked more like a piece of cabinet-work for a drawing room than a receptacle for the dead. Another strange case was that of Dr Fidge, a physician of the old school, who in early days had accompanied the Duke of Clarence, when a midshipman, as a medical student. The Doctor possessed a favourite boat, and upon his retirement from Portsmouth Dockyard, where he held an appointment, he had this boat converted into a coffin, with the sternpiece fixed at its head. This coffin he kept under his bed for many years. Job Orton, of the Bell Inn, Kidderminster, had his tombstone, with an epitaphic couplet, erected in the churchyard; and his coffin was used by him for a wine-bin until required for another purpose. Still more curious was the case of Dr John Gardner, “the worm doctor,” originally of Long Acre, who erected his tomb and wrote the inscription thereon some years before his death. Finding his practice declining from the impression that he was dead, he dexterously caused the word intended to be interpolated, and the inscription for a long time afterwards ran as follows:-
“Dr John Gardner’s (intended) last and best bedroom.”
In Grantham Churchyard is to be found the following:-
“John Palfreyman, who is buried here,
Was aged four-and-twenty year;;
And near this place his mother lies,
Likewise his father when he dies.”
At Llanymynech, in Montgomeryshire:-
“Here lies John Thomas,
And his three children dear;
Two are buried at Oswestry,
And one here.”
Remarkable in some instances is the manner in which tombstones describe the virtues of the deceased. In his “Life of Johnson,” Boswell gives the following epitaph from the porch of Wolverhampton Church:-
“Near this place lies
CHARLES CLAUDIUS PHILLIPS
whose absolute contempt of Riches
& inimitable performance on the Violin
made him the admiration of all who knew him.”
Still more remarkable, but evidently in want of a little punctuation and general “redding up,” is the epitaph scrawled on a head-board in East
Tennessee:-
“HERE LIES H——— A——— , born May 10, 1830; died June 4, 1851. She lived a life of virtue and died of cholera morbus caused by eating green fruit in the full hope of a blessed immortality at the early age of 21 years, 7 months. Reader, go thou and do likewise.”
The following is quoted from a head-board in the Sparta Diggings, California:-
In memory of
JOHN SMITH
who met wierlent death near this spot,
18 hundred and 40 too.
He was shot by his own pistil
a old-fashioned brass-barril
And of such is the Kingdom of Heaven.
Next to Scripture, it seems as if rhyme had the most quieting influence over the departed. “Thorpe’s body” might rise, but “Thorpe’s corpse” is felt to be laid at rest. It seems, at any rate, to be a great additional recommendation to some people that an epitaph rhymes.
“Here lies
ELIZABETH WISE.
She died of thunder sent from heaven,
Seventy hundred and seventy-seven.”
And again:-
“J. P. P.
Provost of Dundee
Hallelujah
Hallelujee.”
“Here I lies, killed by the excise,” is the epitaph on the tombstone of a notorious smuggler.
“Here I lays, killed by a chaise,” is an inscription in Frodsham cemetery over a departed hostler. Another runs:-
“Here lie I
Jonathan Fry
Killed by a sky Rocket in my eye.”
The following was copied from a tombstone in the “East Neuk o’ Fife,” – Crail, I think:-
“Here lies my guid and gracious Auntie
Wham death has packed in his portmanty;
Three score and ten years God did gift her,
And here she lies wha deil daus lift her.”
The difficulty of getting a name worked into rhyme has sometimes driven the monumental poet to desperate expedients. The following is from a Cheshire churchyard:-
“Here lie the remains of THOMAS WOODHEN
Most amiable of husbands, most excellent of men,”
– and has the following foot note appended:-
“N.B. – For ‘Woodhen‘ please read ‘Woodcock.’ ”
This reminds one of the wind up of little Pet Majorie’s sonnet –
“His nose’s cast is of the Roman,
He is a very pretty woman;
(I could not get a rhyme for Roman, So was obliged to call him ‘woman.’)”
The rhyme, and the copiousness of the detail in the following, are more conspicuous than the rhythm. It is copied from a slab in Rudgwick Church, Sussex; date 1708:-
“Without this wall
Lyeth the body of Crandley Dr Edw. Haines,
For to maintain his family spared no pains
To ride and to run, and to give reliefe
To those which were in pain and griefe.
Who the 30th April entered Death’s strait gate,
From the birth of our Saviour 1708;
And about the age of 33,
And had his father’s virtues in every degree.
And left behind him, when he left this life,
Two likely sons and a loving wife,
And about 36 weeks after
His wife and relick was brot to bed with a daughter.
Which 3 we desire may live
Not to beg, but to give.
His eldest son Edw. was then 6 years and 10 months old,
And John about 3 – both duffer and bold.
Amongst all the doctors, tho’ there were many,
He is as much missed as any;
Like to most mortals to his practice he was a slave
He catched the small-pox and died – and lies here in his grave.”
The next is in a different style:
“Cambridge bred me,
My cousin wed me,
Study taught me,
Living sought me,
Learning wrought me,
Kendal caught me,
Labour pressed me,
Sickness distressed me,
Death oppressed me,
And grave possessed me.
God first gave me,
Christ did save me,
Earth did crave me,
And Heaven would have me.”
Lady Dorothy Bellingham’s epitaph is less note-worthy for its rhyme than for its alliteration and involution:-
“To labour born I bore, and by that form
I bore to earth, to earth I straight was borne.”
It is an odd idea in a man to repay a slight through the epitaph on his own tomb. Yet this was done by the French satirist Piron, who, having been refused admission int the French Academy, left instructions in his will that the following lines should be engraven on his monument:-
“Ci-git PIRON que fut rien,
Pas même Académicien.”
Here lies Piron, who was nothing – not even an Academician.
If monuments are not places on which to record vindictiveness, still less are they places on which to inscribe jokes. Yet the thing is not unfrequently done.
“Here lies Mistress Margt. Squeer;
She would if she could, but she couldn’t stop here.
Two bad legs and a baddish cough:
It was the legs that carried she off.”
On another old lady’s tomb in the churchyard of Neston St Nicholas, is the couplet –
Here lies a certain Elizabeth Mann,
Who lived an old Maid and died an old Mann.
Foote, the celebrated comedian, takes his turn, and has the following couplet:-
“Foote from his early stage, alas! is hurled;
Death took him off, who took off the world.”
Briefer and neater was the epitaph on Mr Burbridge the tragedian:-
Exit Burbridge.
The following is from the tombstone of Mistress Dorothy Peg:-
“Here lies Dame Dorothy Peg,
Who never had issue except in her leg,
So great was her art, so deep was her cunning,
That while one leg stood the other kept running.”
On Mr Sparges, the miser, this biting epitaph was written:-
“Here lieth Father Sparges
Who died to save charges.”
Martha Dias, Shropshire, England, judging from her epitaph, had a character by no means enviable:-
“Here lieth the body of Martha Dias,
Always noisy, not very pious,
Who lived to the age of three score and ten,
And gave to worms what she refused to men.”
The living seems to be cracking jokes with the dead in the following inscription taken from a stone in Hertford Cemetery:-
WOMAN.
“Grieve not for me, my husband dear,
I am not dear, but sleeping here;
With patience wait, prepare to die,
And in a short time you’ll come to I.”
MAN.
“I am not grieved, my dearest life;
Sleep on; I have got another wife,
Therefore I cannot come to thee,
For I must go and live with she.”
Some men must be, or must be supposed to be, very glad to get rid of their wives, if we are to judge from the number of epitaphs conveying this sentiment. In a country churchyard in the West of England we have the following trite but significant lines:-
“My wife’s dead,
There let her lie,
She is at rest,
And so am I.”
From a churchyard in Devon:-
“Charity, wife of Gideon Bligh,
Underneath this stone doth lie,
Nought was she e’er known to do
That her husband told her to.”
In a Yorkshire churchyard are these lines:-
“Here lies my poor wife, without bed or blanket,
But dead as a door nail – God be thankit.”
These outbursts of ungallant indignation against scolding wives are not confined to the English shore. We find them beyond the Atlantic. Here is one from Texas:-
“Here lies my poor wife,
A sad slatern and shrew,
If I said I regretted her
I should lie too.”
Another at Burlington, Massachusetts, runs thus:-
“Sacred to the memory of Anthony Drake,
Who died for peace and quietness’ sake,
His wife was constantly scolding and scoffing,
So he sought repose in a twelve dollar coffin.”
In Ellon churchyard:-
“Here lies my wife in earthly mould,
Who when she lived did nought but scold.
Peace! wake her not for now she’s still;
She had, but now I have my will.”
This, from Ockham Surrey, is much pleasanter:-
“Here lies the wife of Roger Martin;
She was a good wife to Roger, that’s sartin.”
Occasionally the husband comes in for his share of the obloquy. The following is from a tombstone in Surrey:-
“Here rests a fine woman
which was sent from above
To teach virtues and graces to men;
But God, when He saw her in very bad hands,
Recalled her to heaven again.”
Again, we find in Worcester churchyard:-
“Martha and I together lived
Just two years and a half;
She went first and I followed after –
The cow before the calf.”
In one of the cemeteries in Paris is to be seen the following quaint but more pleasing epitaph on husband and wife:-
“I am anxiously expecting you. – A.D. 1827
Here I am. – A.D. 1867.”
The good woman had taken forty years to make up her mind to follow.
The following is from Kincardineshire:-
“Wha is’t lies here?”
“Piper Jock. You needna’ speer.”
“O, lad, is that you?”
“Ay, but I’m deid noo.”
“Rise Jock, and gies a tune.”
“Ah! man, I canna win.”
Punning on the dead man’s name is a favourite device with some. A butcher, whose name was Lamb, has the following over his grave:-
“Beneath this stone lies Lamb asleep,
Who died a lamb and lived a sheep.
Many a lamb and sheep he slaughtered,
But butcher death the scene has altered.”
The witty and learned devine, Dr Thomas Fuller, ordered to be inscribed on his tombstone the two words, “Fuller’s Earth.” On the gravestone of Mr Aire, in St Giles’s, Cripplegate, is the inscription:-
“Methinks this was a wondrous death
That Aire should die for want of breath!”
That over the grave of Sir John Strange, the eminent barrister, was doubtless prompted by rivalry, and has a keen point:-
“Here lies an honest lawyer – that’s Strange.”
On a stone in St John’s Churchyard, Chester, the following occurs:-
“Underneath lie the mortal remains of J. Jones, captain of the Brig Ann, who departed this life Dec. 24, 1811, aged 48 years:-
The Boreas blasts and Neptune’s waves
Have tost me to and fro,
In spite of both, by God’s decrees,
I harbour here below,
Where I do now at anchor lie
With many of our Fleet,
Yet once again I must set sail
Our Saviour Christ to meet.”
The quaint humour of Benjamin Franklin expressed itself in the following lines, prepared for his monumental slab:-
The body
of
Benjamin Franklin,
printer,
like the cover of an old book,
its contents torn out,
and stripped of its lettering and gilding,
lies here, food for worms;
yet the work itself
shall not be lost;
for it will (as he believed)
appear once more
in a new
and more beautiful edition,
corrected and amended
by
the Author.
In a somewhat similar strain is the following epitaph on a watchmaker:-
“Here lies, in a horizontal position, the outside case of P——— M———, watchmaker, whose abilities in that line were an honour to his profession: Integrity was the main-spring, and prudence the regulator of all the actions of his life; Humane, generous, and liberal, his hand never slept till he had relieved distress; So nicely regulated were his motions, that he never went wrong, Except when set a-going by people who did not know his key. Even then, he was easily set right again. He departed this life, wound-up, in hopes of being taken in hand by his Maker, And of being thoroughly cleaned, repaired and set a-going in the world to come.”
A curious story is told of the widow of a celebrated manufacturer of fireworks. When about to erect a monument to her husband’s memory, she visited two or three cemeteries to choose a style and get some ideas for an inscription. One epitaph, over the grave of an eminent composer, delighted her beyond measure. It ran thus:-
“He has gone to the only place
Where his own works are excelled.”
She was so charmed with this sentiment that she adopted it. Accordingly, on her husband’s monument the following inscription appeared in due time:-
Erected by his Spouse,
to the Memory of
A———B———,
Manufacturer of Fireworks.
———
He has gone to the only place
Where his own works are excelled.
Some epitaphs, however, are designedly more candid than complimentary:-
“Here lies the body of P. M. Haskell,
He lived a knave and died a rascal”
– must have been written by some one not troubled with the “Nil nisi bonum”* complaint. A gifted poet perpetrated the following epitaph on the notorious Floyd:-
“Floyd has died and few have sobb’d,
Since, had he lived, all had been robb’d;
He’s paid Dame Nature’s debt, ‘tis said
The only one he ever paid.
Some doubt that he resign’d his breath,
But vow he’s cheated even death.
If he is buried, then, ye dead, beware,
Look to your swaddlings, of your shrouds take care.
Lest Floyd should to your coffins make his way,
And steal your linen from your mould’ring clay.”
The famous Greek scholar Person wrote the following epitaph on a Fellow of his own College:-
“Here lies a Doctor of Divinity,
Who was a Fellow, too, of Trinity,
He knew as much about Divinity
As other Fellows do of Trinity.”
On the tomb of the pompous author of the “History of Music” is the brief but suggestive inscription:-
Here lies Sir John Hawkins,
Without his shoes or his stawkings.
John Calf, thrice Mayor of Cork, was a man of untoward disposition, and is said to have had the smallest soul of any man in Ireland. A monument erected to his memory bore this inscription:-
“Here lies
JOHN CALF,
Thrice Mayor of Cork – Honor, honor, honor”
He was not suffered, however, to lie under his honours without their being disputed, for a wag wrote under the inscription these lines:-
“O, cruel death, more subtle than the fox,
That would not let this Calf become an ox,
That with his fellows he might browse among the thorns,
And write his epitaph – Horns, horns, horns.”
but nothing, in this way, equals the epitaph which Burns prepared for Andrew Turner:-
“In seventeen hunder an’ 49
Satan took stuff to mak’ a swine,
And cuist it in a corner;
But wilily he changed his plan,
And shaped it something like a man,
And ca’ed it Andrew Turner.”
Much more legitimate, as a subject for joking, was the interment of the Marquis of Anglesea’s leg, shot off in the battle of Waterloo. The epitaph upon it was composed by the Right Hon. George Canning, but was worthy of Tom Hood, and will bear repeating:-
EPITAPH ON A LEG.
Here rests – and let no saucy knave
Presume to sneer or laugh,
To learn that mould’ring in this grave
There lies – a British calf!
For he who writes these lines is sure
That those who read the whole,
Will find that laugh was premature,
For here too lies a sole.
And here five little ones repose,
Twin born with other five;
Unheeded by their brother toes,
Who all are now alive.
A leg and foot, to speak more plain,
Lie here of one commanding;
Who. though he might his wits retain,
Lost half his understanding.
And when the guns, with thunder bright,
Poured bullets thick as hail,
Could only in this way be taught
To give the foe leg bail;
And now in England, just as gay
As in the battle brave,
Goes to the rout, the ball, the play,
With one leg in the grave!
Fortune in vain has showed her spite,
For he will still be found,
Should England’s sons engage in fight,
Resolved to stand his ground.
But Fortune’s pardon I must beg,
She meant not to disarm;
And when she lopp’d the hero’s leg
She did not seek his harm –
She but indulged a harmless whim;
Since he could walk with one,
She saw two legs were lost on him
Who never meant to run.
In the matter of monuments and epitaphs there are fashions, as in all things else; and the popular tasks in these days runs in the direction of elegance in the stone, and brevity and simplicity in the inscription. On many even of the most expensive tombstones nothing appears now but the name and date. When the silent inhabitant below was known to but a handful of friends and relations, the shortest inscription suffices, as it does also in case of those who are known to all. How fine was that answer of the Spanish prince when asked what inscription should be carved upon the tomb of Christopher Columbus, – “Write his name,” he said. If anything could be better than the simple name, it would be a word touching the root of the man’s work or life, as in that exquisite inscription to Copernicus in St Anne’s Church at Cracow:-
STA, SOL, NE MOVEARE
– “He commanded the sun to stand still.”
How fine also is that inscription on the tomb of Sir Christopher Wren in the great Cathedral which he had built:-
Si monumentum requiris, circumspice!
“If you want to see his monument, look around.”
On the gravestone of poor Hood, in Kensal Green Cemetery, there were written the simple but eloquent words –
“He wrote ‘THE SONG OF A SHIRT.’ ”
If such epitaphs were written, and truthfully written, on all gravestones, summing up in one line the character, or life-work of the man that lies below, what strange records we should find! How many an imposing monument would have its fulsome inscription wiped out, and this entered instead:
“He gave bigger dinner parties than Smith;”
or
“This man gave his wife splendour, but broke her heart;”
or this,
“He ground down the poor, that he might make the fortune which is now carrying his son to the dogs.”
On the other hand, on how many unknown and neglected graves there would shine forth these words –
“He made the widow’s heart sing for joy.”
“This poor woman did what she could.”
“They gave of their abundance, but she all that she had.”
“This poor man denied himself, to save a weak brother.”
reader, if your life and its purpose were summed up in as few words, what do you think would the words be?
* From the phrase
“de mortuis nihil nisi bonum,”
or,
“say nothing but good of the dead.”
As far as the source material is concerned, I’m a collector of publications ranging from 1733-1900 and it’s from these I get my info. Every book is referenced both to do it properly and so the individual quotes can be found easily later for anyone wanting to know more.
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NOTES:
The Reason for mans complexity is that he is connected with all the higher beings in the universe.
Man is a mirror image of the spiritual world.
Substances that can combine with or separate from is called "chemical action",
is projected into the physical world from the world of Devicon
The Realm of harmony of the spheres - Devicon.
Atomic Weight of two substances is two tones in the harmony of the spheres.
The Numerical ratios in chemistry are an expression of the ratios of the harmony of the spheres - which has become dumb/silent due to the densification of matter.
If man was able to etherealise material + perceive the inner formative principle in the atomic numbers - he would be hearing the harmony of the spheres.
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show images to display links
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In order to protect you,
this member has been deleted by our team of moderators.
It has been reported as fraudulent.
It is therefore impossible to reply to the message.
We are sorry for this little inconvenience.
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Phases / Stages
~
Saturn - COMPLETED
Sun - COMPLETED
Moon - COMPLETED
Earth <-> You are here
Venus - NEXT
Mercury - NEXT
Vulcan - NEXT
~
The phases outlined above represent our current position of human evolution on planet Earth. A comprehensive exploration of these phases is accessible through the mystery schools.
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Tsar bomba=eM
{By automated device of the Ministry of Medium Machine Learning
(Soviet government of Russia (the Soviet Union)) -
Original publication: https://raosproject.fi/news/celebrations-dedicated-to-the-75th-anniversary-of-the-country-s-nuclear-industry-will-take-place-in-/(https://raosproject.fi/contact-us/#id_113) - (2016) via https://rosatom.ru/en/about-us/ Rosatom (Russian Federation)Immediate source: Bendix, Aria (September 1, 2020). [https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-declassified-footage-of-largest-nuclear-blast-tsar-bomba-2020-9?r=US&IR=T www.businessinsider.com Business insider,
Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68089604}
The Tsar Bomba (Russian: Царь-бомба, tr. Tsar'-bomba, IPA: [t͡sarʲ ˈbombə], lit.
'Tsar bomb'; code name: Ivan or Vanya), also known by the alphanumerical designation "AN602", was a thermonuclear aerial bomb, and the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created and tested. The Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov oversaw the project at Arzamas-16, while the main work of design was by Sakharov, Viktor Adamsky, Yuri Babayev, Yuri Smirnov [ru], and Yuri Trutnev. The project was ordered by Nikita Khrushchev in July 1961 as part of the Soviet resumption of nuclear testing after the Test Ban Moratorium, with the detonation timed to coincide with the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Tested on 30 October 1961, the test verified new design principles for high-yield thermonuclear charges, allowing, as its final report put it, the design of a nuclear device "of practically unlimited power". The bomb was dropped by parachute from a Tu-95V aircraft, and detonated autonomously 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above the cape Sukhoy Nos of Severny Island, Novaya Zemlya, 15 km (9.3 mi) from Mityushikha Bay, north of the Matochkin Strait. The detonation was monitored by United States intelligence agencies, via a KC-135A aircraft (Operation SpeedLight) in the area at the time. A secret U.S. reconnaissance aircraft named "Speed Light Alpha" monitored the blast, coming close enough to have its antiradiation paint scorched.
The bhangmeter results and other data suggested the bomb yielded around 58 Mt (243 PJ), which was the accepted yield in technical literature until 1991, when Soviet scientists revealed that their instruments indicated a yield of 50 Mt (209 PJ). As they had the instrumental data and access to the test site, their yield figure has been accepted as more accurate. In theory, the bomb would have had a yield in excess of 100 Mt (418 PJ) if it had included the uranium-238 tamper which featured in the design but was omitted in the test to reduce radioactive fallout. As only one bomb was built to completion, that capability has never been demonstrated. The remaining bomb casings are located at the Russian Atomic Weapon Museum in Sarov and the Museum of Nuclear Weapons, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute Of Technical Physics, in Snezhinsk.
Tsar Bomba was a modification of an earlier project, RN202, which used a ballistic case of the same size but a very different internal mechanism. A number of published books, even some authored by those involved in product development of 602, contain inaccuracies that are replicated elsewhere, including wrongly identifying Tsar Bomba as RDS-202 or RN202.
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