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- 1. Detect pharmaceutical H ealth Hazard and Act FIRST YEAR PHARMACY LEVEL III BY BEKELE TAFA (CLINICAL PHARMA) 1
- 2. CHAPTER ONE Manage OHS risk, exposure and ha zards in Pharmacy service 2
- 3. LEARNING Objectives Defining health, safety, welfare and hazard ●Elements of the work environment ●Classification of OHS in pharmacy services ●Financial and social implications of an unsafe workplace ●Methods for identifying OHS .
- 4. CONT….. Upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to – ● Detect, investigate and report hazard, incidence, and injury in pharmaceutical service or work place to meet legislative require ments and inform future preventive strategies ● Identify hazardous drugs and major health concerns in health care facilities and pharmaceutical industries including disposal of hazardous medicines, exposure, risk assessment methods 4
- 5. 1.1. Definition of terms ● Health: WHO define health as “A state of complete physical, m ental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseas e or infirmity” ●Safety means free from hazards and risks. It refers to being free from threats to the health and safety of employees in any work pl ace. ●Welfare is the state of good health, happiness, comfort and pros perity of a person, group, or organization. 5
- 6. Hazard ●is a source or situation with the potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill -health, damage to property, the environment, or a combination of these Hazards at work may include: noisy machinery, chemicals, electricity, working at heights, bullying and violence at the workplace . ●Risk is the possibility that harm (death, injury or illness) might occur when expo sed to a hazard. ●It the probability and consequences of injury, illness or damage resulting from e xposure to a hazard 6
- 7. CONT…. ● Occupational health is concerned with the control of health haz ards that arise as a result of or during work activities. ● Occupational health is defined as the science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of environme ntal factors or stresses arising in or from the work place, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significa nt discomfort among workers or the community. 7
- 8. 1.2 Elements of the work environment The basic elements in an occupational setting such as a manufacturing plant, industry, or offices etc. are four. These are: The worker In developing countries, like Ethiopia workers are at greater risk of occ upational hazards for a variety of reasons because of low education level, unfamiliarity with work processes and exposures, inadequate training, pre disposition not to complain about working conditions because of jobs, hig h prevalence of infectious diseases, inadequate infrastructure and human resources to diagnose, treat, and prevent work - related diseases and inju ries. 8
- 9. CONT… More vulnerable populations groups to occupational hazards are: ●Women: who make up a large proportion of the work force in many developing co untries and often face significant physical and psycho-social hazards in their work. Besid es this they also face similar problem at home. ●Children: who account for a significant part of the work force in many developing co untries, often undertake some of the most hazardous work. ●Migrants: both within countries and between countries who, for a variety of reaso ns, face significant health and safety hazards at work. 9
- 10. The Tool Tools can range from very primitive tools like a hammer, chis el, and needle, to automated equipment. Fig.1. Simple hand tools are the causes of many accidents. 10
- 11. CONT….. The process In the process, materials used can be toxic. The process itself can affect the potential harmfulness of the materials. For example, the particle size or physical state (solid, liquid a nd gas) of potentially harmful substances can determine to a la rge extent what ill effects in workers may develop from those s ubstances. 11
- 12. The work environment Occupational environment means the sum of external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the wo rking population. The work environment can be further classified in to physical, chemical and biol ogical and psycho-social environment. The worker interact with all these environme ntal agents. ●Physical environment: the physical environment includes; machines, levels of noise, levels of heat and humidity, levels of dust, vibration, electricity or lighting, r adiation etc. ●Chemical environment: the chemical environment includes; chemical dust, mists, fumes, liquids, vapors etc. 12
- 13. CONT… Biological environment: the biological environment includes; pr esence of insects and rodents, microorganisms, poisonous plant s and animals. Psycho-social environment: There are numerous psycho-socia l factors, which operate at workplace. These are the human relationships among workers themselves and those in authorities over them. Examples of psycho-social factors include:- type of work, work st ability, service conditions, job satisfaction, leadership style, secur ity workers` participation and communication, motivation and inc entives. 13
- 14. CONT… The occupational environment of the worker cannot be consid ered apart from his domestic environment. Both are complementary to each other. The worker takes his worries to his/her home and bring to his work disturbances that has arisen in his/her home. Stress at work may disturb his sleep, just as stress at home m ay affect his work. 14
- 15. 1.3 Classification of OHS in pha rmacy services 1. Physical Hazards Physical hazard has possible cumulative or immediate effects on the hea lth of employees. Physical hazard include: extremes of temperature, ioni zing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, excessive noise. Extremes of Temperature The work environment is either comfortable or extremely cold or hot an d uncomfortable. The common physical hazard in most industries is heat . 15
- 16. CONT… Heat Stress Heat stress is a common problem because people in general function only in a very narrow temperature range. When fluctuation in core body temperature happens the body attemp t to counteract by: The capillaries in the skin dilate to bring more blood to the surface s o that the rate of cooling is increased. Increasing the heart rate Sweating to cool the body 16
- 17. Heat stroke Heat stroke is caused when the body temperature rises rapidly in a worker who is exposed to a work environment in which the body is unable to cool itself sufficiently. Predisposing factors for heat stroke i s excessive physical exertion in extreme heat condition. Heat Cramp Heat cramp is caused exposure to high temperature for a relatively l ong time particularly if accompanied by heavy exertion or sweating with excessive loss of salt and moisture. 17
- 18. B. Ionizing Radiation Radiation is a form of energy. Any electromagnetic or particulate radiati on capable of producing ions is referred to as ionizing radiation. Radioa ctive materials emit energy that can damage living tissues. The types of i onizing radiation with which we may be concerned are: Electromagnetic • X-ray • Gamma ray Particles • Neutron, electron, protons • Alpha radiation • Beta-rays 18
- 19. CONT… Radioactive materials can be hazardous in two ways: ●Materials that could be hazardous even when they are locate d some distance away from the body (external) ●Materials that are hazardous only when they get inside the bo dy by through breathing, eating or through broken skin (interna l) 19
- 20. CONT…. C. Non-Ionizing Radiation This is a form of electromagnetic radiation with varying effects on the exposed body depending largely on the particular wavel ength of the radiation involved. It includes:- ●Radio transmitters ●TV ●Power line ●Powerful radio aerials ●Microwaves 20
- 21. CONT… D. Excessive Noise Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Sound is any pressure v ariation or a stimulus that produces a sensory response in the brain. The compression and expansion of air created when an objec t vibrates. There are three general classes into which occupational nois e exposure may be grouped. 21
- 22. CONT… Continuous noise: Noise of approximately constant level and spectrum to wh ich an employee is exposed for a period of eight hours per day or 40 hours a week. Intermittent Noise: Exposure to a given sound pressure level several times du ring a normal working day Impact type Noise: is a sharp burst of sound The effects of noise on humans can be classified into two types: Auditory effects: involves damage to the structure of the hearing organ which may result permanent or temporary hearing loss. Non-auditory effects: consists of fatigue, interference with communication b y speech, decreased efficiency and annoyance. 22
- 23. 2. Mechanical Hazards The mechanical hazards in industries are contributed from ma chinery, protruding and moving parts. About 10% of accidents in industry are said to be due to mec hanical causes. 23
- 24. 3. Chemical Hazards The chemical hazards are on increase with the introduction of ne wer and complex chemicals. Chemical hazards form the most im portant group and comprise over 12000 toxic materials. Such materials may endanger life, affect health adversely, or caus e severe discomfort due to their acute effect. Moreover, they may produce long-term disease such as cancer. Naturally occurring materials such as lead and mercury have bee n recognized as source of occupational disease for hundreds of ye ars. Other minerals like asbestos, radioactive ores, and oil, are als o sources of occupational disease. Growing range of man made materials such as plastics, synthetic fibers, solvents, fertilizers, an d pharmaceutical products all of which may be hazardous to thos e who make or use them. 24
- 25. CONT… The physical state of a chemical compound is important in determining i ts toxicity to man and the environment. The effects of chemical agents a re as follows: Systemic intoxication Pneumoconiosis Carcinogens Irritation 25
- 26. Dangerous chemical substances Many dangerous substances are used in industry, commerce, agriculture, re search activities, hospitals and teaching establishments. Corrosive Hazard: living tissue as well as equipment are destroyed on contact with thi s chemicals. Caution: Do not breathe vapors and avoid contact with skin eyes, and clothi ng Oxidizing Hazard: ignite combustible material or worsen existing fire and thus make fi re fighting more difficult. 26
- 27. Harmful Hazard: Inhalation and insertion of or skin penetration by these substance s is harmful to heath. Caution: Avoid contact with the human body, including inhalation of vapo rs and in cases of malaise consult doctor. Very toxic and toxic Hazard: The substances are very hazardous to health whether breathed, s wallowed or in contact with the skin and may even lead to death. Caution: Avoid contact with human body, and immediately consult a doct or in case of malaise. 27
- 28. Irritant Hazard: May have an irritant effect on skin, eyes and respiratory organs Caution: Do not breathe vapors and a void contact with skin and eye Highly Flammable Hazard: Substances with flash point less than 600c or 1400F. Caution: keep away from source of ignition. 28
- 29. 4. Biological Hazards Exposure to biological hazards in workplace results in a significant amount of occupationally associated infections. Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria, fungus, parasites, or any living organism that can cause disease t o human beings. Biological hazards can be transmitted to a person through: Inhalation Injection Ingestion Contact with the skin 29
- 30. CONT….. Most obvious work place in which employees are subjected to biohazards are: Laboratory Health personnel such as Laboratory technicians and scientist s working on biological specimens are at risk with biological ha zards in the laboratory. Specimen such as blood, pus, stool an d other tissue samples may expose the workers to hazards su ch as HIV, Hepatitis, etc. 30
- 31. CONT… Hospitals Many potential biological agents exist in hospital environment. These ar e bacterial infection and viral agents. Those working in laundry, houseke eping, laboratory, central supply and nursing station are highly exposed to biohazard from the patient they handle, from the specimen they colle ct and from the cloth, needle and pans they handle and from their gene ral day to day activities. Agriculture Occupational exposures to biohazard also occur in agriculture. Disease o f vertebrate animals transmissible to human and other animals (Zoonosi s). Zonotic diseases consists of viral, bacterial, rickettsial, fungal, protozo al, and helminthic disease. 31
- 32. 5. Psycho-social hazards The term stress means the strain imposed on the worker by psycho-social influences associated with works, which may affect health, well being, and productivity. Reduction of occu pational stresses depends not only on helping individuals to cope with their problems but also on: ● Arrangement of working hours ● Job design, and work methods Good management 32
- 33. 1.3 Financial and social implications of a n unsafe workplace 1. Implications of an unsafe workplace Unsafe workplace do not only cause terrible human tragedies but als o substantial social and economic impacts on society. The social impact could be defined as the effect that touches the hum an side of the society, where the economic impact could be defined as the effect that relates to the financial aspects of the society. All society members such as employees, families, employers, econo my and resources will be affected some how by the occurrence of acci dent in an unsafe workplace. 33
- 34. CONT… 2. Financial implications of an unsafe workplace Economic impacts of workplace accidents on the affected individual and family are Decrease income Decrease in the standard of living Education and schooling expenses affected Increase in debts and Difficulty to pay bills 34
- 35. CONT… From a business stand point, workplace accidents affect th e profitability of a business. Economic impacts of unsafe workplace could have direct a nd indirect costs. A direct cost is defined as those costs covered by the worke rs compensation insurance. • These may include medical costs, premiums for workers, c ompensation insurance, liability and property losses. Indirect costs are those costs attributed to loss of productivi ty of the injured worker. 35
- 36. CONT…. Economic impacts of site accidents are as follows: ●Damages to property, equipment ●Payments for settlements of injury or death claims ●Loss of function and operations income ●Degradation of efficiency of operations ●Increased insurance costs ●Loss of productivity Medical payments 36
- 37. 1.4 Methods for identifying OHS 1. Identifying OHS Identifying hazards in the workplace involves finding things a nd situations that could potentially cause harm to people. Haz ards generally arise from the following aspects of work and th eir interaction. ●Physical work environment ●Equipment, materials and substances used ●Work tasks and how they are performed ●Work design and management 37
- 38. Cont… Some hazards are part of the work process, such as mechan ical hazards, noise or toxic properties of substances. Other ha zards result from equipment or machine failures and misuse, chemical spills and structural failures. Machines, equipment, substance or a work process may hav e many different hazards. Each of these hazards needs to be identified. 38
- 39. Cont… Table 1 Examples of common hazards 39 Hazard Potential harm Manual tasks Overexertion or repetitive movement can cause muscular strain Gravity Falling objects, falls, slips and trips of people can cause fractures, b ruises, lacerations, dislocations, concussion, permanent injuries or death Electricity Potential ignition source. exposure to live electrical wires can cause shock, burns or death from electrocution Machinery and equipment Being hit by moving vehicles, or caught by moving parts of machine ry can cause fractures, bruises, lacerations, dislocations, permanen t injuries or death Hazardous chemicals Chemicals (such as acids, hydrocarbons, heavy metals) and dusts (s uch as asbestos and silica) can cause respiratory illnesses, cancers o r dermatitis
- 40. Cont….. Hazardous chemicals Chemicals (such as acids, hydrocarbons, heavy metals) and dus ts (such as asbestos and silica) can cause respiratory illnesses, cancers or dermatitis Extreme temperatures Heat can cause burns, heat stroke or fatigue Cold can cause hypothermia or frost bite Noise Exposure to loud noise can cause permanent hearing damage Radiation Ultra violet, welding arc flashes, micro waves and lasers can cause burns, cancer or blindness Biological Micro-organisms can cause different infectious diseases includ ing HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Psycho-social hazards Effects of work-related stress, bullying, violence and work-related fatigue 40
- 41. 1.5. Methods of identifying hazards 1. Inspect the work place Regularly walking around the workplace and observing how things are done can help us to predict what could or might go wrong. Look at how people actually work, how machines and equipment is used, what chem icals are around and what they are used for, what safe or unsafe work p ractices exist as well as the general state of housekeeping. 41
- 42. Cont… During inspection, things to look out for include the following: Does the work environment enable workers to carry out work without risks to health and safety (for example, space for unobstructed movement, adequate ventilation, lighting)? How suitable are the tools and equipment for the task and how well are they maintained? Have any changes occurred in the workplace which may affect health and safe ty? Some hazards can affect health over a long period of time or may result in str ess (such as bullying) or fatigue. If you find a situation where there is immediate or significant danger to peopl e, move those persons to a safer location first and attend to the hazard urgent ly. 42
- 43. 2. Consultation of workers Ask workers about any health and safety problems they ha ve encountered in doing their work and any near misses or i ncidents that have not been reported. Worker surveys may also be undertaken to obtain informati on about matters such as workplace bullying, as well as mu scular aches and pains that can signal potential hazards. 43
- 45. CHAPTER TWO Manage pharmaceutical OHS part icipative processes 45
- 46. The following content coverage and to pics – Safety measures in pharmaceutical ser vices Evaluating OHS information Participatory approach of Implementin g and monitoring OHS Medicines waste management
- 47. 2.1 Safety measures in pharma ceutical services 1. Safety measures in controlling biological hazards Potential biological hazards are Exposure to blood-borne pathogens or pathogens transmitted in body fl uids or secretions to mucous membranes by contact with contaminated su rfaces Exposure to environmental biological contaminants from ventilation sys tems, water or food
- 48. Engineering measures: Restrict access to pharmacy to authorized personnel only Development of vaccines Maintenance of ventilation systems Early spill clean-up Maintenance water supply systems with regular testing to ensure proper fu nctioning Early detection and remediation of mould
- 49. Administrative measures Safe work procedure for equipment decontami nation. Compliance with all infection prevention and control practices. Immunization program Worker education Infection prevention and control practices rela ted to food preparation Protocols for construction and renovation proj ects that reduce contamination
- 50. Personal protective equipment PEP based on the risk assessment may include protective clothing, gloves, eye and face protect ion Use of proper PEP when cleaning contaminate d environmental surfaces, including gloves, res piratory protection, and eye protection
- 51. 2. Safety measures in controlling chemical haza rds Potential chemical hazards in pharmaceutical services ar e Exposure to hazardous drugs through formulation procedure Exposure to hazardous drugs during clean-up or spill response procedur es, receiving and unpacking, crushing and splitting, unit dose packaging Exposure to a variety of disinfecting and cleaning agent Engineering measures: Proper containment when making up drugs Segregated areas and equipment Exhaust hoods and biological safety cabinets Maintain adequate general ventilation Automatic diluting machines
- 52. Administrative measures: Develop safe work procedure to the specific products based on manufactur er’s instructions Develop waste handling procedures Educate workers in the nature of the hazard Maintain availability of appropriate equipment and PPE Purchase in ready to use concentrations to minimize handling. Personal protective equipment: Eye protection and face shields when splashing is possible Protective clothing (gowns) and gloves Respirators, based on risk assessment, may be required for administration o f aerosolized drugs
- 53. 3. Safety measures in controlling physical hazards The physical hazards in pharmaceutical servic es are Ergonomic hazards associated with computer use or workstation design Exposure to radioactive material in the preparation, unit dosing and testing of rad ioactive diagnostic and therapeutic radio-pharmaceuticals (nuclear pharmacy) Cuts from sharp instruments including scissors and medical instruments Cuts from broken glassware, including bottles Cuts or lacerations from using equipment and tools Burns from using heat sealers for blister packaging, etc. Electrical hazards arising from use of electrical cords and appliances
- 54. Engineering measures: Ergonomically designed workstations, chairs and equipment . Incorporate adjustable workstation to accommodate employ ees of various sizes Ergonomically designed workstations to minimize reaching Ergonomically appropriate materials handling equipment su ch as carts, trolleys, etc Replace manual with automated processes whenever practic able Install slip resistant flooring Design stairwells according to accepted safety standards Ensure adequate lighting Replace sharps with safety engineered medical devices Substitute glasses with other materials (plastics)
- 55. Administrative measures: Adjustment of workstation and chair to fit user Worker education on physical hazards and control strategies Early reporting of signs and symptoms of ergonomic concerns Job rotation and variation of tasks Purchasing standards for ergonomically designed computer workstations, chairs etc. Maintenance of workstations, chairs and equipment Radiation safety program Restricted access and exposure monitoring Perform regular maintenance on flooring, stairwells, hallways, handrails etc. Appropriate sharps disposal
- 56. Personal protective equipment: Gloves, protective clothing, protective eyewear and gloves Appropriate footwear with gripping soles and good support Cut-resistant gloves if appropriate
- 57. Evaluating OHS information 2.1. Evaluation of occupational Environment Evaluation can be defined as the decision making process that results in an opinion as to the degree of risk arising from exposure to chemical, ph ysical, biological, or other agents. It also involves making a judgment of t he magnitude of these agents and determines the levels of contaminants arising from a process or work operation and the effectiveness of any co ntrol measures used.
- 58. 2.2. Evaluation Methods Area or environmental sampling Environmental sampling includes sampling for gases, vapors, aerosol concentrati ons, noise, temperature etc. Which are found on the worker or the general work ar ea or environment. Area or general room air samplings are taken at fixed locations in the work place . This type of sampling does not provide a good estimate of worker exposure. For this reason it is used mainly to pinpoint high exposure areas, indicate flammable or explosive concentrations, or determine if an area should be isolated or restricte d to prevent employees from entering a highly contaminated area.
- 59. Personal sampling The objective of personal sampling is to see the extent of exposure of the p erson working on a particular contaminant while he/she is working at a locat ion or work place. For example, if the worker is working in a garage where cars are painted, the area as a whole is sampled to see how much lead which is present in all car paints. In addition, personal sampling ill be taken to dete rmine how much lead is inhaled by the person performing the work or those who are working near by. In short it is the preferred method of evaluating w orkers exposure to air contaminants.
- 60. Dust evaluation To evaluate dust exposure, it is first necessary to determine the composition of dust that are suspended in the air where workers breathe. Operation that i nvolves the crushing, grinding, or polishing of minerals or mineral mixtures frequently do not produce airborne dusts that have the same size compositio n. When air samples are collected in the immediate vicinity of dust producing operation, larger particles that have not yet had time to settle from the air ma y be collected. If a larger number of these particles appear in the dust sample , the effect of their presence may have to be evaluated separately.
- 61. Noise Evaluation The purposes of a detailed noise survey are: To obtain specific information on the noise levels existing at each employe e Workstation To develop guidelines for establishing engineering and/or administrative C ontrols. To define areas where hearing protection will be required. To determine those work areas where audiometric testing of employees is d esirable
- 62. Noise evaluation surveys will help us to determine: Whether noise problems exist or not; How noisy is created in each work place or station, What equipment or process is producing the noise, Which employees are exposed to the noi se often, Duration of exposure to the noise, etc.
- 63. 2.3 Participatory approach of Implementing an d monitoring OHS Importance of workers participation in OHS While employers have the duty to provide workplaces where risks to health and safety a re properly controlled, the law also requires e mployees to help. Workplaces in which workers actively contr ibute to health and safety often have a lower occupational risk level and accident rates
- 64. Worker participation on health and safety is a simple two-way process whe re employers and their workers: Talk to one another Listen to each other’s concerns Look for and share views and information Discuss issues in good time Consider what everyone has to say Make decisions together Trust and respect each other
- 65. 2.4. The role of employers Under the law, employers are responsible for health and safety management. This means making sure that workers are protected from anything that may cause harm by effectively controlling any risks to injury or health that could arise in the work place. Employers have the main duties to prevent risks to their workers by putting in pla ce protective measures including safe ways of working, safe equipment, suitable personal protective equipment and information, instruction and training for worke rs. Employers have duties to assess risks in the workplace. Risk assessments should be carried out that address all risks that might cause harm in the workplace in ord er to determine what control measures are needed.
- 66. 2.5. The role of workers Both employers and employees have the responsibility to look after health and safety at work. Workers are required to play their part and help their employer t o protect them by: Taking care of their own and other people’s safety and health Cooperating actively with their employer on safety and health Following the training they have received for doing their job safely, and for usi ng equipment, tools, substances etc Reporting if they think the work itself - or inadequate safety measures - are putt ing anyone’s safety and health at risk
- 67. 2.6 Medicines waste management Handling of medicines waste and disposal Medicines which are unfit for use should be disposed properly after getting appro val from the appropriate organ. Any medicines waste disposal practice, including d iluting and flushing of liquid medicines into sewers and burning of packaging mat erials, should be attended by an inspector of the appropriate organ. After disposal of medicines waste have been carried out, disposal certificates will be issued by the appropriate organ Disposal sites should be environment and society friendly and be approved by app ropriate organ in accordance with Environment Impact Assessment (EIA).
- 68. The disposal site must be safe in order to prevent re-use of any medicines waste i ncluding re-packing and re-labeling. In addition, security measures to prevent sca venging must be in place at disposal sites and temporary storage areas. Organizations which does not have an approved disposal facility may use disposa l referral system of licensed disposal firms, medicines suppliers or central disposa l sites. The disposal of medicines waste must be carried out according to the sorting proc edures and recommended disposal methods by the appropriate organ. All workers who are involved in a disposal process must wear appropriate person al protective equipment such as gowns, boots, gloves, safety glasses/goggles, mas ks, and caps.
- 69. Each medicine waste must be recorded on the register book. Special emphasis sh ould be given to segregate and store controlled drugs or substances, antineoplastic s or cytotoxic/anti–cancer medicines, anti-infective medicines, radiopharmaceutic als and any other hazardous products like antiseptics and disinfectants until their s eparate and safe disposal. Medicine wastes other than mentioned above can be categorized and kept by dosa ge forms: Solids, semi-solids and powders: tablets, capsules, granules, powders for injectio n, mixtures, lotions, creams, gels, suppositories etc., Liquids: solutions, suspension, syrups, ampoules etc. Aerosol canisters : propellant - driven sprays and inhalers
- 70. Waste paper and packing materials may be sorted and recycled (if facilities a re available), burned or disposed of as normal waste to a landfill. Plastic, me tal and glass items may be reused, recycled or disposed of in a landfill. Depe nding on the type of material and the purpose of reuse, appropriate treatment such as cleaning or disinfecting of reusable materials may be needed. Containers must be kept according to dosage forms to facilitate verification, sorting and selection of disposal methods. An area or room for keeping cont ainers of medicines waste must be demarcated and labeled conspicuously wi th words “Expired medicines–Not for Sale” or “Unfit medicines–Not for sal e” in red ink.
- 72. CHAPTER THREE Manage OHS continuous improve ment process 72
- 73. The following content coverage and topi cs – Techniques/Methods of OHS improvem ent Setting OHS priorities Develop OHS action plan Monitor achievements
- 74. Learning objective After completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to define Consider input from individuals and workgroup in identifying and implementi ng pharmaceutical OHS improvement Determine pharmacy related OHS priorities in consultation with appropriate m anagers and stakeholders Develop OHS action plans taking account of priorities And training needs Monitor achievements against the OHS plans and update plans accordingly
- 75. 3.1 Techniques/Methods of OHS improvement Occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) An occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) is a systematic approach put in place by an employer to minimize the risk of injury and illness. It involves identifying, assessing, and controlling risks to workers in all workplace operations. An effective OHSMS is a key component of any business; its scope a nd complexity will vary according to the type of workplace and the nature of its o perations. For both development and implementation of an OHSMS to be success ful, effective, and efficient, it needs to be based on a formal structure of defined el ements.
- 76. A successful OHSMS includes but is not limited to the following seven el ements: Management involvement and commitment Management involvement and commitment can be shown by: Allocating dedicated health and safety resources Setting clear direction and expectations through health and safety policies Assigning and monitoring health and safety responsibilities Directly engaging and communicating with workers
- 77. Hazard identification and assessment Hazard identification is a process used by a company to identify existing and potential hazards. Examples include but are not limited to: Inspections Job task analyses Site-specific hazard identifications Hazard reporting
- 78. Hazard control Hazard control includes the methods, techniques, procedures, and actions tak en by a company to reduce, eliminate, or minimize the risks of both health an d safety hazards. Hazard controls are defined by the Hierarchy of Controls an d include: Elimination or substitution Engineering controls Administrative controls Personal protective equipment (PPE)
- 79. Training Training refers to an organized activity aimed at imparting information and/o r instructions to improve the recipient's performance or to help him or her att ain a required level of knowledge or skill. Training includes but is not limited to: Orientations Current job- and industry-specific training Competency assessment
- 80. Emergency response Emergency response planning refers to the methods, techniques, procedures, and actions the organization has put in place to respond to potential emergenc ies (e.g., fire, explosion, etc.). The plan should include but not be limited to: The responsibilities and training of key people at emergency sites and offic es Adequate resources in place Various emergency and post-emergency procedures Drills and evaluations to measure effectiveness
- 81. Incident reporting and investigation Incident reporting and investigation are reactions triggered by an event. In a ddition to reporting and investigating the incident, statistics should be record ed and analyzed to identify trends and needs Communications Corporate communication refers to a company’s formal or informal verbal, written, or unwritten policies, plans, standards, and procedures. Communicati ons are conducted through meetings; written messages; and daily informal co mmunication between supervisors and their employees.
- 82. 3.2. Continues improvement An organization should also commit to continuous improvement. The four p hases in the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle involve: Plan: Identifying and analyzing the problem Do: Developing and testing a potential solution Check: Measuring how effective the test solution was and analyzing wheth er it could be improved in any way Act: Implementing the improved solution fully
- 83. Figure 1. Continuous Improvement Model
- 84. 3.3 Developing OHS action plan Steps of developing OHS action plan There are as many different approaches to creating strategic action plans as t here are health and safety issues to plan for. The essential elements included i n a successful plan are: Choose an issue Decide what health and safety problems or issues to be addressed. OHS Prio rity setting may help identify and select an issue. Collect information Decide what information are needed concerning the problems or issues we w ant to address.
- 85. Determine the solution Decide what solution you want to achieve. This is the overall goal or objective that we are seeking to accomplish. List out the general and specific objectives. Make s ure that the objectives are SMART: Specific: specify a key result to be accomplished Measurable: so we can know whether or not we have succeeded Assignable: specify who will do what Realistic: but still represents a change and a challenge Timely: specify any deadlines or amount of time needed to complete
- 86. Establish an action plan Plot a roadmap for achieving long-term goal. Elements of an action plan include: What – List all the different things that need to be done (e.g. gather information, communicate with/involve members). When – Develop a timetable with specific dates for achieving each task, and for the action plan as a whole. Make sure that timetables are reasonable Who – Assign someone to be responsible for each particular task, including kee ping a record of activities and reporting back on progress. How – Identify resources that might be needed, and from whom or where resour ces could be obtained (resources include money, time, people materials, and etc.)
- 87. Identify obstacles Identify potential obstacles, and develop a specific action plan for preventing them. Also prepare for overcoming obstacles that cannot be prevented. Identify and communicate stakeholders Identify potential allies and develop a specific action plan for contacting and involving them. Communicate with the workers throughout the entire crisis/investigation and get feedback on any obstacles. Meet regularly to review progress and modify plans as needed. Members sho uld be prepared to report on the status of each task.
- 88. Evaluate the Plan At the end of the allotted time for the strategic plan, evaluate successes, stren gths and weaknesses of the plan. Establish a system for long term follow-up to prevent future incidents. Incorporate what was learned into future strategic planning activities.
- 89. 3.4 Monitoring achievements Surveillance of OHS Surveillance can be defined as close observation of a person or group, especially one under suspicion. The act of observing or the condition of being observed. Surveillance is a core activity in the practice of occupational health. Two broad gr oups of surveillance are commonly performed—hazard surveillance and health sur veillance. While the focus of the former is hazards at the workplace, the latter type of surveil lance pertains to the health of a person of group of workers. Both have important r oles in occupational health practice and are complementary.
- 90. 3.5. Steps in designing and impl ementing OHS surveillance Steps in designing and implementing an occupational health surveillance program are: Assessment of workplace hazards Identification of target organ toxicities for each hazard Selection of test for each “screenable” health effect Standardization of data collection process Performance of testing Interpretation of test results and test confirmation Notification Diagnostic evaluation Evaluation and control of exposure Record keeping