TFN-MIDTERM-REVIEWERR.doc - Nursing Hero

TFN-MIDTERM-REVIEWERR

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NUR FUNDAMENTA

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May 12, 2024

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Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson SISTER CALLISTA ROY • done various contributions to the nursing and medical communities over a long period of time . ROY ADAPTATION MODEL • her most famous contribution. • first time published in 1970. • one of the most common frameworks in nursing practice , used by hundreds of thousands of nurses across the globe. • human system under this model is described as a whole with parts that function in unity for some purpose. • human systems comprised both individuals and groups. it includes the family, organizations, community, and society as a whole. • people adapt to their environment and basically this change affect the environment. • this model describes the purpose of nursing as promoting an individual's adaptation, the process and result by which thinking and feeling individuals employ conscious awareness and choice to build human and environmental connection. THE FOUR META PARADIGM CONCE PTS • PERSON - "Human systems have thinking and feeling capacities, rooted in consciousness and meaning, by which they adjust effectively to changes in the environment and, in turn, affect the environment." • are holistic being that are in constant interaction with the environment. • humans use a system of adaptation both innate and acquired to respond to the environmental stimuli that they experience. • human systems can be individuals or in groups. • ENVIRONMENT - "The conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior of persons or groups, with particular consideration of the mutuality of person and health resources that includes focal, contextual and residual stimuli." • conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect humans' development and behavior as an adaptive system. • a stimulus or input that requires a person to adapt. t hese stimuli can be positive or negativ e. • Focal stimuli - the internal or external stimulus most immediately confronting human system. "requires most immediate attention." • Contextual stimuli - all other stimuli present in the situation that contributes to the effect of the focal stimulus. Internal and external factors that affects the ability to respond to the focal stimulus and contribute directly to adaptation. • Residual stimuli - environmental factors present within the situation but whose effect is unclear. • Regulator Coping Mechanism - responds automatically thru neural, chemical & endocrine process. [physiological comping mechanism] • Cognator Coping Mechanism - responds thru 4 cognitive emotive channels; 1.) Perceptual Information Processing , 2.) Learning , 3.) Judgment & 4.) Emotion - these coping mechanism respond base on an adaptive mode. • NURSING - "The goal of nursing is the promotion of adaptation for individuals and groups in each of the four adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignity." • nurses are facilitators of adaptation. • assess the patient ' s behaviors for adaptation, promote positive adaptation by enhancing environment interactions and helping patients react positively to stimuli. • eliminate ineffective coping mechanisms and eventually lead to better outcomes • HEALTH - "Health is not freedom from the inevitability of death, disease, unhappiness, and stress, but the ability to cope with them in a competent way." • the ability of humanity to constantly adjust to stimuli because sickness is a natural component of life, health emerges from a process in which health and illness coexist. • if a person can continue to adapt holistically, they will be able to retain their health and achieve fullness and harmony within themselves. if they are unable to adjust, the individual's integrity may be affected negatively THE FOUR MODES OF FUNCTIONING • PHYSIOLOGIC - meeting basic need for physiologic integrity [oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity in rest, protection, senses, fluid & electrolyte acid base balance, neurological function & endocrine function.] PHYSICAL MODE - the activity of all cells, tissues, organs, and other parts of the system that comprise the complete body. • SELF CONCEPT - underlies the need to know who oneself is so one can exist with the sense of unity. meets basic needs for psychic and spiritual integrity [body sensation, body image, self consistency, self ideal or self expectancy as well as moral, spiritual, ethical self] • ROLE FUNCTION - focuses on a person's role in a society & in a group setting. This meet basic need for social integrity, knowledge of society's expectations & appropriate action within society. • INTERDEPENDENCE - interactions related to giving & receiving love, respect & value. It meets basic needs for relational integrity or securing in nurturing relationships. ASSUMPTIONS • PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS - persons have mutual relationship with the world and God-type figure. • persons have mutual relationships with the world and God. • human meaning is rooted in the omega point convergence of the universe. • God is intimately revealed in the diversity of creation and is the common destiny of creation. • persons use human creative abilities of awareness, enlightenment and faith. • persons are accountable for the processes of deriving, sustaining and transforming the universe. NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson • SCIENTIFIC ASSUMPTIONS - includes systems of matter & energy progress to higher level of complex self organization. • systems of matter and energy progress to higher levels of complex self-organization. • consciousness and meaning are constructive of peson and environment integration. • awareness of self and environment is rooted in thinking and feeling. • humans, by their decisions are accountable for the integration of creative processes. • thinking and feeling mediate human action. • system relationships include acceptance, protection, and fostering of interdependence. • people and the earth share patterns and have integral relationships. • human consciousness creates transformations in people and the environment. • adaptation results from the integration of human and environmental meanings. CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS - experiences within a specific culture that will influence how each element of the Roy Adaptation Model is expressed. Relational propositions of the Roy Adaptation Model states that stimuli from the environment serve as input for the physiological system. The model also dictates that the system must adapt in the way they function to accommodate for new environmental requirements. SIX-STEP NURSING PROCESS • FIRST ASSESSMENT - assessing behaviours • SECOND ASSESSMENT - evaluation of stimuli • DIAGNOSIS - • PLANNING - creating an appropriate plan of action • IMPLEMENTATION - is how to get the plan to work • EVALUATION - if it works and what needs to be changed . BETTY NEUMAN SYSTEM MODEL • provides a comprehensive holistic and system-based approach to nursing that contains an element of flexibility. • focuses on the response of the patient system to actual or potential environmental stressors and use of primary, secondary and tertiary nursing prevention , intervention for retention , attainment and maintenance of patient's system wellness. • encourages prevention as a main source of nursing intervention . PREVENTION • focuses on keeping stressors and the stress responses for having detrimental effect on the body • the NURSE is responsible for helping the different levels of the client to achieve and maintain an optimal wellness through intervention with a goal of reducing stress factors and their adverse effects on the client. • NURSING consist of 3 modalities to promote optimal health and aid prevention. • the nature of reaction depend on the stress of the person's lines of resistance and defence. • the nurse and person can intervene. INTERVENTION • PRIMARY- occurs before the system reacts to a stressor. strengthens the person to do better. • SECONDARY- reacts to stressor by preventing damage by strengthening internal line of resistance. • TERTIARY- Occurs when the system has been treated through secondary prevention strategies. Attempts to add or reduce energy needed in order to facilitate reconstitution. ASSUMPTIONS • each client system is unique, consisting of a combination of characteristics and traits within a specific range of responses included inside a basic structure. • many known, unknown and universal stressors exist. each differ in its potential for disturbing a client's usual stability level or normal Line of Defense. • stressors both universal and known; some are unique to the client. they have potential to disturb equilibrium (balance), thus causing a change in priority of needs at any given moment. • man is a composite of the interrelationship of 4 variables (biological, psychological, sociocultural, & developmental) which are at all times present. • each client system has evolved a normal range of responses to the environment that is referred to as a normal Line of Defense. the normal line of defense can be used as a standard from which to measure health deviation. • when the flexible Line of Defense is no longer capable or protecting the client/client system against an environment stressor, the stressor breaks through the normal Line of Defense. PRIMARY PREVENTION • applied in patient assessment & intervention. Used in identification & reduction of possible or actual risk factors. SECONDARY PREVENTION • relates to symptomatology as a response to stressors, appropriate prioritization of intervention priorities, and treatment to reduce their negative impact. TERTIARY PREVENTION • refers to the adjustive process that occurs once reconstitution begins and maintenance factors return them to the primary prevention cycle. NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS • PERSON - "LAYERS" -- each layers consist 5 person variable or subsystem. • physiological - physio-chemical structures & functions of the body. • psychological - refers to mental processes & emotions. • sociocultural - relationships & social & cultural expectations & activities. • spiritual - influence of spiritual beliefs. • developmental - processes related to development over the lifespan. • ENVIRONMENT - consist of: • internal environment which exist within the client system. • external environment which exist outside the client system. - created and developed unconsciously by the client & is symbolic of system wholeness. • HEALTH - being equated with wellness as the condition which all parts and sub-parts are in harmony with the whole of the client. • NURSING - a unique profession that is concerned with all of the variables which influence the response a person might have to a stressor. NURSING PROCESS • first step is to assess the patient. which examines: • actual and potential stressors; • the condition and strength of basic factors and energy sources; • the characteristics of flexible and normal lines of defense, lines of resistance, degree of reaction, and potential for reconstitution; • the interaction between the patient and his or her environment; • life process and coping factors for optimal wellness; • and the perceptual difference between the care giver and the patient • second, the nurse develops a diagnosis based on the evidence gathered. • health-seeking behaviors, • activity intolerance, • inefficient coping, • and ineffective thermoregulation. • setting goals is the third step in the nursing process. the ultimate goal is to maintain the client system's stability . a plan is developed based on the goals , with a focus on building lines of defense and resistance. this strategy is carried out by primary , secondary , and tertiary preventions . • finally, the nursing process is evaluated to see if balance was restored and a stable state was maintained. . IMOGENE KING GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY • first introduced in 1960 • nurse and patient can communicate information, set goals together and take action to achieve goals. • describes interpersonal relationship that allows a person to grow and develop in order to attain certain life goals. • factors that affects the attainment of goals: roles, stress, space and time. FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS OF A PATIENT • the need for health information. • the need for care that seeks to prevent illness. • the need for care when the patient is unable to help him or herself. • HEALTH - involving life experiences of a patient. includes adjusting to stressors by using resources available. • ENVIRONMENT - the background for human interaction. • INTERNAL - transform energy to enable people to adjust to environmental changes. • EXTERNAL - formal and informal organization. THREE INTERACTING SYSTEM • PERSONAL - perception, self, growth and development, body image, space and time. • INTERPERSONAL - interaction, communication, transaction, role and stress. • SOCIAL - organization, authority, power, status, and decision making. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS • nursing focus is the care of human being. • nursing goal is the health care of individual and groups. • human beings are open systems interacting constantly with their environment. • basic assumption of goal attainment theory is that nurse and client communicate information, set goal mutually and then act to attain those goals, is also the basic assumption of nursing process. • "each human being perceives the world as a total person in making transactions with individuals and things in environment." • transaction represents a life situation in which perciever and thing perceived are encountered and in which person enters the situation as an active participants and each is changed in the process of these experiences. PROPORTIONS • if perceptual interaction accuracy is present in nurse- client interactions, transaction will occur. • if nurse and client make transaction, goal will be attained. • if goals are attained, satisfaction will occur. • if transaction are made in nurse-client interactions, growth and development will be enhanced. NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson • if role expectations and role performance as perceived by nurse and client are congruent, transaction will occur. • if role conflict in experienced by nurse or client or both, stress in nurse-client will occur. • if nurse with special knowledge skill communicate appropriate information to client, mutual goal setting and goal attainment will occur. PARADIGM • HUMAN - refers to a social being who is rational and sentient . h e or she has the ability to perceive, think, feel, choose, set goals, select means to achieve goals, and make decisions . h e or she has three fundamental needs: the need for health information when it is needed and can be used; the need for care that seeks to prevent illness; and the need for care when he or she is unable to help him or herself. • HEALTH - i nvolves dynamic life experiences of a human being , which implies continuous adjustment to stressors in the internal and external environment through optimum use of resources to achieve maximum potential for daily living • ENVIRONMENT - is the background for human interaction . i t involves the internal and external environments. • internal environment transforms energy to enable a person to adjust to continuous external environment changes. • external environment involves formal and informal organizations. In this model, the nurse is part of the patient's environment. • NURSING - as "a process of action, reaction and interaction by which nurse and client share information about their perception in a nursing situation" and "a process of human interactions between nurse and client whereby each perceives the other and the situation, and through communication, they set goals, explore means, and agree on means to achieve goals." CONCEPTS OF NURSING • Action: sequence of behaviours involving mental and physical action. • Reaction: considered as included in the sequence of behaviours described in action. • Goal: to help individuals to maintain their health so they can function in their roles. • Domain: promoting, maintaining and restoring health and caring for the sick, injured and dying. • Function: to interpret information in nursing process to plan, implement and evaluate nursing care. NURSING PROCESS • ASSESSMENT - occur during interaction. • the nurse bring special knowledge and skills whereas client brings knowledge of self & perception of problems of concerned to this interaction. • NURSING DIAGNOSIS - data is collected by assessment. • PLANNING - planning for intervention to solve the problems. • IMPLEMENTATION - involves the actual activities to achieve the goals. • EVALUATION - finding out whether goals are achieved or not. HILDEGARD PEPLAU INTERPERSONAL THEORY • describes relationship • middle range theory of interpersonal relationship which promotes strong bond between 2 or more people. • comes out as a result of "psychodynamic nursing" • using an understanding of one's own behaviour to help others identify their difficulties. • applies principles of human relations especially when a patient has a felt need. • emphasized the nurse client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice • emphasizes the needs for a partnership between nurse and client. (disregards passive behaviours) • nursing is therapeutic and a healing art. • shared experience - observation, description, formulation, interpretation, validation and intervention. METAPARADIGM • INDIVIDUAL - developing organism which tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs. their lives must be in a stable equilibrium. • ENVIRONMENT - an existing force outside the organism, in the context of culture. • HEALTH - symbolizes forward movement of personality and other ongoing human processes. • NURSING - a significant therapeutic, interpersonal process. - human relationship between an individual who is sick, or in need of health service, and more importantly educated to recognize and respond to the need for help. SEVEN ROLES OF NURSES • STRANGER - receives the client in the same way one meets a stranger in other life situations and provides accepting environment that builds trust. • TEACHER- imparts knowledge in reference to the needs or interests of the patient . • RESOURCE- provid ing of specific information needed by the patient that helps the patient understand a problem or situation . • COUNSELOR - helps the patient understand and integrate the meaning of current life situations, as well as provide guidance and encouragement in order to make changes . • SURROGATE - helps the patient clarify the domains of dependence, interdependence, and independence, and acts as an advocate for the patient. • LEADER - helps the patient take on maximum responsibility for meeting his or her treatment goals. • TECHNICAL EXPERT - physical care by displaying clinical skills and operate equipment. NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson ADDITIONAL ROLES • consultant, • health teacher • tutor, • socializing agent, • s afety agent, • environment manager, • mediator, • administrator, • record observer, • and researcher. FOUR SEQUENTIAL PHASES • according to Peplau, there are 4 sequential phases in the interpersonal relationship. • ORIENTATION PHASE - engaging the client in treatment, providing explanations and information and answering questions. • problem defining stage. • decides type of service needed. • get acquainted phase. • set and establishes parameters and build trust. • IDENTIFICATION PHASE - client works interdependently with the nurse, expresses feelings and begins to feel stronger. • selection of appropriate assistance. • EXPLOITATION PHASE - the client makes full use of the service provided. • advantages of the services are used based on needs and interest. • minor requests and get attention seeking techniques. • client is partially dependent. And the independence is fluctuating . • RESOLUTION PHASE - termination of professional relationship • the client no longer needs professional services and give up dependent behaviour. • elimination of therapeutic care. • patients in less reliant. FACTORS AFFECTING THE ORIENTATION PHASE INTERPERSONAL THEORY AND NURSING PROCESS • both are sequential and focus on therapeutic relationship. • both use problem solving techniques for the nurse and patient to collaborate on, which the end purpose of meeting the patients needs. • both use observation communication and recording as basic tools utilized by nursing. APPLICATION OF THEORY IN NURSING PRACTICE • focuses on the interpersonal processes and therapeutic relationship. • requires that the nurse attends to the interpersonal processes. • interpersonal process is maturing force for personality. • psycho-dynamic nursing is understanding one's own. NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson IDA JEAN ORLANDO NURSING PROCESS THEORY • middle range nursing theory • has no theoretical sources • none includes a bibliography • made use of empirical evidence by synthesizing facts from observations to develop her theory. • made sure that her theory is valid & applied it in her work with patients & nurses teaching of students. • gathered a considerable amount of data before constructing her theory. • stresses the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse. • what the nurse and the patient say and do affects them both. • nursing is a professional function as finding out and meeting the patient's immediate need for help, considering the benefit it would give in making care plan. MAJOR CONCEPS & DEFINITIONS • distress - experience of a patient whose need has not been met. • nursing role - discover and meet the patient's immediate need for help. • patient's behaviour may not represent the true need. • the nurse validates his/her understanding of the need with the patient. • nursing actions - directly or indirectly provide for the patient's immediate need. • an outcome is the change in the behaviour of the patient indicating either a relief from distress or an unmet needed. • observable verbally and non-verbally. ASSUMPTIONS • when patients cannot cope with their needs on their own, they become distressed by feelings of helplessness. • in its professional character, nursing adds to the distress of the patient. • patients are unique and individual in how they respond. • nursing offers mothering and nursing analogous to an adult who mothers and nurtures a child. • the practices of nursing deals with people, the environment, and health. • patients need help communicating their needs, they are uncomfortable and ambivalent about their dependency needs. • people can be secretive or explicit about their needs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings. • nurse-patient situation is dynamic; actions and reactions are influenced by both the nurse and the patient. • people attach meanings to situations and actions that aren't apparent to others. • patients enter into nursing care through medicine. • patient cannot state the nature and meaning of his or her distress without the nurse's help or him of her first having established a helpful relationship with the patient. • any observation shared and observed with the patient is immediately helpful in ascertaining and meeting his or her need or finding out that he or she is not in need are that time. • nurses are concerned with the needs the patient is unable to meet in his or her own. MAJOR CONCEPT • HUMAN BEING - emphasizes individuality and the dynamic nature of the nurse-patient relationship. • humans in need are the focused of nursing practice. • HEALTH - replaced by a sense of helplessness as the initiator of a necessity for nursing. • NURSING - unique and independen t • the efforts meet the patient's needs for help are carried out in an interactive situation and in a disciplined manner that requires proper training. NURSING PROCESS • ASSESSMENT - • nurse completes a holistic assessment of the patient's needs. • nurse uses a nursing framework to collect both subjective and objective data from the patient. • DIAGNOSIS - • uses the nurse clinical judgment about health problems. • can be confirmed using links to define characteristics, related factors and risk factors found in the patient's assessment. • PLANNING - • addresses each of the problem identified in the diagnosis. • each problems is given a specific goal or outcome and each of them is given nursing interventions to help achieve the goal. • by the end of this stage, the nurse will have a nursing care plan. • IMPLEMENTATIONS - • where the nurse begins using the nursing care plan. • EVALUATION - final stage; • nurse looks at the patient's progress towards the goals and set in the nursing care plan. • changes can be made to the nursing care plan and base on how well the patient is progressing towards the goal. • if any problems are identified, they can be addressed and the process starts over again from specific problems. NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson JOYCE TRAVELBEE HUMAN TO HUMAN RELATIONSHIP MODEL • central theme: a sick person finding meaning in illness and suffering and human-to-human relationship. BASIC CONCEPTS • suffering - experience that varies in intensity, duration and depth. feeling of an ease ranging from mild, transient, mental, almental, physical or mental discomfort to extreme pain or extreme torture. • meaning - reason attributed to a person. • hope - faith that can and will be a change that would bring something better with it. • communication - a strict necessity for good nursing care. • therapeutic use of self - ability to use one's own personality consciously and in full awareness in an attempt to establish relatedness and to structure nursing interventions. CHARACTERISTICS OF HOPE • dependence • future orientation • escape routes or alternatives • the desire to complete a task • confidence that others will be there and, • acknowledgement of fear. HUMAN TO HUMAN RELATIONSHIP MODEL • original encounter first impression by the nurse with the ill person. • empathy - the ability to share in the other person's experience. • sympathy -the nurse has the desire to alleviate the cause of the patient's illness or suffering. • rapport - nursing actions are done to relieve the patient's distress. METAPARADIGM • PERSON - unique individual who is in a continuous process of becoming, evolving and changing. • HEALTH - includes the individual's perception of health and absence of disease. • subjective - health is individually defined in stage of well being in accordance with self-appraisal with physical, emotional, and spiritual status. • objective - absence of disease, disability or defects as measured by physical exam, lab tests, and assessments. • NURSING - a critical work of psychiatric nursing is to help develop a sense of self through a healing interpersonal relationship. MADELINE LEININGER TRANSCULTURAL NURSING • also known as Culture Care Theory • theoretical framework that was used in conceptualizing her theory was adapted to the Sunrise Model (1997) • developed as a discipline in nursing • comparative study of cultures to understand similarities (culture universal) and difference (culture-specific) across human groups. DEFINITIONS • culture - set of values, beliefs, and traditions, that are held by a specific group of people and handed down from generation to generation. - beliefs, habits, likes, dislikes, customs, learned from one family. - learned, shared and transmitted values . - learned from generations to generations in both formal and informal ways. • religion - set of belief in a divine or superhuman power to be obeyed and worshiped as the creator and ruler of the universe. • ethnic - refers to a group of people who share a common and distinctive culture and who are members of a specific group. • ethnicity - a c onsciousness of belonging to a group. • cultural identify - sense of being part of an ethnic group or culture. • culture universals - commonalities of values, norms of behaviour and life patterns that are similar among different cultures. • culture-specific - values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviour that tend to be unique to a designate culture . • material culture - refers to objects (dress, art, religious artifacts) • non-material culture - refers to beliefs, customs, languages, social institution. • subculture - composed of people who have a distinct identity but are related to a larger cultural group. • bicultural - a person who crosses two cultures , lifestyle and sets of values. • diversity - refers to the fact or state of being different . - diversity can occur between cultures and within a cultural group. • acculturation - people of a minority group tend to assume the attitudes, values, beliefs, find practices of the dominant society resulting in a blended cultural pattern . • culture shock - the sate of being disoriented or unable to respond to a different cultural environment. NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson • ethnic groups - share a common social and cultural heritage that is passed on to successive generations. • ethnic identity - refers to a subjective perspective of the person's heritage and to a sense of belonging to a group that is distinguishable from other groups. • race - the classification of people according to shared characteristics, genetic markers or features . not at all people of the same race have the same culture . • cultural awareness - it is an in depth self-examination of one's own background, recognizing biases and prejudices and assumptions about other people. • cultural congruent care - are that fits the people's valued life patterns and set of meanings , which is generated from the people themselves, rather than based on predetermined criteria. • cultural competent care - is the ability of the practitioner to bridge cultural gaps in caring work with cultural differences and enable clients and families achieve meaningful and supportive care. THREE NURSING DECISIONS • cultural preservation or maintenance. • cultural care accommodation or negotiation. • cultural care re-patterning or restructuring. MAJOR CONCEPTS • ILLNESS AND WELLNESS - shaped by a various factors including perception and coping skills as well as the social level of the patient. • CULTURAL COMPETENCE - an important component of nursing. • CULTURE - influences all spheres of human life, it defines health, illness and the search for relief from disease or distress. • RELIGIONS AND CULTURES - knowledge is an important ingredient in health care. NURSING PROCESS & ROLE OF NURSE • determine the client's cultural heritage and language skills. • determine if any of his health beliefs relate to the cause of the illness or to the problem. • collect information that any home remedies the person is taking to treat the symptoms. • nurses should evaluate their attitudes toward ethnic nursing care. • self-evaluation helps the nurse to become more comfortable when providing care to clients from diverse backgrounds. • understand the influence of culture, race & ethnicity on the development of social emotional relationship child rearing practices and attitude toward health. • collect information about the socioeconomic status of the family and its influence on their health promotion and wellness. • identify the religious practices of the family and their influence on health promotion belief in families. • understanding the general characteristics of the major ethnic groups but always individualize care. • the nursing diagnosis for clients should include potential problems in their interaction with the health care system and problems involving the effects of culture. • the planning and implementing of nursing interventions should be adapted as much as possible to the client's cultural background. • evaluation should include the nurse's self-evaluation of attitudes and emotions toward providing nursing care to clients from diverse sociocultural backgrounds. • self-evaluation by the nurse is crucial as he or she increases skills for interaction. ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE HUMAN BECOMING THEORY • guides nurses in their practice to focus on quality of life as it is described and lived. • p osits quality of life from each person's own perspective as the goal of nursing practice. • presents an alternative to both conventional biomedical approach and bio psycho-social spiritual approach of most theories . "quality of life must be based on the concept of the patient rather than our own concept." • "The man living health theory (1981) • includes totality Paradigm • man is a combination of biological psychological, sociological and spiritual factors. • simultaneity paradigm - man is a unitary being in continuous mutual interaction with environment. ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT MAN • co-existing while co-constituting patterns with the universe. • open, freely choosing meaning in situation, bearing responsibility for decisions. • unitary, continuously co-constituting patterns of relating. • transcending multidimensionally with the possible. • c o-constituting - the same or similar objective. - something agreeing with each other. • t ranscending multidimensionally - a person adapting to any possibilities and extending beyond limitations to achieve something new. ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT BECOMING • unitary human-living-health. • rhythmically co-constituting human-universe process. • human's patterns of relating value priorities. • intersubjective process of transcending with the possible. • unitary human's emerging. METAPARADIGM • PERSON - open being who is more than and different from the sum of the parts. NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson • ENVIRONMENT - everything in the person and his experiences. - inseparable, complimentary to and evolving with. • HEALTH - open process of being and becoming. Involves synthesis of values . • NURSING - a human science and art that uses an abstract body of knowledge to serve people. SYMBOL • black 'n white - opposite paradox significant to ontology of human becoming and green is hope. • center joined - co-created mutual human universe process at the ontological level and nurse-person process. • green 'n black swirls intertwining - human-universe co-creation as an ongoing process of becoming. JOYCE FITZPATRICK LIFE PERSPECTIVE RHYTHM MODEL • based on Martha Roger's theory. • based on her interest in nursing and psychology "helped to communicate treatment techniques to other culture." RHYTHM • various components of life experiences. • movement fluctuation or variation marked by regular recurrence or natural flow. • can be described, measured and repeated. METAPARADIGM • totality of the person or client. • environment of the client. • client's current level of wellness. • nursing's responsibility and duty toward the client. AREAS OF LIFE PERSPECTIVE RHYTHM MODEL • PERSON - not the client but also the people around. • an open system with a group of rhythm behaviors. • HEALTH - focuses on the health of the client and their surrounding. • includes all the people that affects the client. • nursing professionals must thrive to give optimum health in any interaction possible. • WELLNESS - the state of optimum health. ANNE BOYKIN & SAVINA SCHOENHOFER NURSING AS CARING • considered as a general or "Grand Theory" • grounded in several key assumptions • "persons are caring" by virtue of our humanness. ASSUMPTIONS • persons are caring by virtue of their humanness. • persons are caring moment to moment. • persons are whole or complete in the moment. • personhood is living grounded in caring. • personhood is enhanced through participating in nurturing relationships with caring others. • nursing is both a discipline and a profession. CARING • an essential feature and expression of us being humans • view of person as caring incomplete is intentional, this prevents us from separating the body, mind and spirit. • each person throughout life grows in the capacity to express caring. • a person means "living caring" • caring is living in context of relational responsibilities. • caring is responsibility to self and others • caring shapes relationships. KEY CONCEPTS • caring in nursing - giving out care in ways such as lay and professional caring. • the intentional and authentic presence of the nurse with another who is recognized as person living in caring and growing in caring. • authentic presence - initiating and sustaining medium of nursing to give care to the patient. • may be understood as one's intentionally being there with another in fullness of one's person-hood . • person as a whole and complete at the moment - the person is at all times whole . • to encounter a person as less that whole fails to encounter person. PERSONHOOD • implies living out who we are as caring persons. • implies living the meaning of ones life. • implies demonstrating congruence between beliefs and behaviour. • FOCUS OF NURSING - nurturing person's living caring and growing in caring. • NURSING SITUATION • shared, lived experiences in which the caring between the nurse and the nursed enhances person hood. • the nurse attends to calls for caring, creating caring responses that nurture person hood. . NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson • CALLS FOR NURSING • call from the client, perceived in mind of the nurse. • calls for the nurturance that is nursing are personal expressions that communicate in some way. • WHAT THE NURSE DOES • enters the world of the client with the intention of knowing, affirming, supporting, and celebrating other as caring person. • offer direct invitation as part of their coming to know other. • raises the awareness of the patient that nursing is the service being offered. • NURSING RESPONSE OF CARING • the caring nurturance is what we call the nursing response. • CARING BETWEEN • presence is developed when the nurse enters the world of the patient. • t he encounter of the nurse and the client gives rise to the phenomenon of caring between within, which person is nurtured. • the nurse is fully present and gives their time and space to the patient. • through presence and intentionality the nurse able to know the other in her living caring and growing caring. • caring is living in the context of relational responsibility and search for possibility. • caring acknowledges the importance of knowing the person as person through knowing self as caring person it is able to make us be authentic to self and to fully believe others. • DANCE OF CARING PERSONS • a circle relating in which inviting the other into the basic dance, through self and other as caring person. • each dancer in the circle has contributions and leaves the dance as the nursing situation evolves. • eye to eye contact symbolizes knowing other as caring. MARGARET NEWMAN HEALTH AS EXPANDING CONSCIOUSNESS THEORY • stimulated by concern for those or for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible. • progressed to include the wealth of all the persons regardless of the presence and absence of disease. • the theory asserts that every person in every situation no matter disordered or hopeless, it may seem as part of the universal process of expanding consciousness. MAJOR CONCEPTS • HEALTH- as encompassing disease and non-disease. • an evolving pattern of the person and the environment. • a process of developing awareness of the self and environment together with an increasing ability to perceive alternatives and respond in a variety of ways. • expansion of consciousness defined as the informational capacity of the system and seen as the ability of the patient to interact with the environment. • HEALTH AS EXPANDING CONSCIOUSNESS THEORY • stems from Roger's theory of human beings. • CONSCIOUSNESS • a manifestation of an evolving pattern of person- environment interaction. • PATTERN • characterized by a movement, diversity and rhythm and is described as a design or framework. • PATTERN RECOGNITION • the insight, recognition, realization of a principle and truth or reconciliation of the duality. • NURSING • art of helping clients get in touch with the meaning of their lives by identification of their patterns of relating APPLICATION OF THE THEORY useful in collaboration and coordination • nurse's duty and responsibility is to maintain a direct and ongoing relationship with patients through open lines of communication and a warm and stress-free attitude towards their interaction. METAPARADIGM • HEALTH - fusion on one stage of being (disease) with its opponent (non-disease) results in what can be regarded as death. • NURSING - "caring in the human health experience." • PERSON/HUMAN - human is unitary, that is cannot be divided into parts, and is inseparable from the larger unitary field. • ENVIRONMENT - described as a "universe of open systems" PARADIGM SHIFT • from treatment of symptoms to a search for pattern. • from viewing disease and disruption as negative to viewing them as part of the self-organizing process of expanding consciousness. • from viewing the nursing role as addressing the problems of disease to assisting people to get in touch with their own pattern of expanding consciousness. JOSEPHINE PATERSON & LORETTA ZDERAD • from the United States • both earned first diploma of nursing and bachelor's degrees in nursing education before continuing to graduate programs. • career in nursing academics started 1950s • 1960s doctorate degrees NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

Name: Michelle Kaye D. Beri ña Subject: Theoretical Foundation Of Nursing Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Professor: Margarita Samson • 1971 began to define their theory (what is was made it unique) HUMANISTIC NURSING THEORY • nursing is an inter-subjective transactional relationship • subjective - something that a person feels NAME: MICHELLE KAYE D. BERI Ñ A SUBJECT: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING PROFFESOR: MARGARITA SAMSON

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Assignment 7 Research

PA02InvesOperativa

Module 3 Discussion Nduwornee 2 Pages HCA 320 Due 27th

Module 2 Discussion Nduwornee 2 Pages HCA 315 Due 20th

Head to toe assessment credelcia

Example 2- Reflection using Gibbs Reflective Cycle. mar 2022

1. Literature Search

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Example 1

Gout