UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Monique Tujuan NAVES, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 00-12170.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
May 25, 2001.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama.(No. 99-00402-CR-J-S),
Inge Prytz Johnson, Judge.
Before DUBINA and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges, and DUPLANTIER*, District Judge.
DUPLANTIER, District Judge:
Monique Tujuan Naves appeals her sentence, a 168 month term of imprisonment, for one count of
carjacking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119(1). This appeal raises a single issue: whether the district judge
engaged in impermissible "double counting" by adding a two point enhancement under United States
Sentencing Guideline (U.S.S.G.) § 2B3.1(b)(5) (1998) to appellant's base offense level because the offense
involved a carjacking. We conclude that there was no impermissible "double counting" and affirm the
conviction and sentence.
U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1 provides a base offense level of 20 for a robbery conviction. To that base offense
level the district judge added two levels pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(5) because "the offense involved
a carjacking."1 Defendant contends that the base offense level fully accounted for the level of culpability
attributed to the offense of carjacking and that therefore adding two levels because "the offense involved
carjacking" constitutes impermissible "double counting."
Generally, a claim of "double counting" presents a question of law which this court reviews de novo.
United States v. Matos-Rodriguez, 188 F.3d 1300, 1310 (11th Cir.1999), cert. denied,
529 U.S. 1044,
120
S.Ct. 1547,
146 L.Ed.2d 359 (2000). However, where, as here, the objection to the "double counting" is
raised for the first time on appeal, the objection is reviewed only for plain error to avoid manifest injustice.
*
The Honorable Adrian G. Duplantier, Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Louisiana, sitting by designation.
1
In determining Naves' total offense level, the district judge applied a number of other specific
offense characteristics and adjustment enhancements which Naves does not contest on appeal.
United States v. Stevenson, 68 F.3d 1292, 1294 (11th Cir.1995). In any event, we find no error here.
"Impermissible double counting occurs only when one part of the Guidelines is applied to increase
a defendant's punishment on account of a kind of harm that has already been fully accounted for by
application of another part of the Guidelines." United States v. Matos-Rodriguez, 188 F.3d at 1309 (quoting
United States v. Alexander,
48 F.3d 1477, 1492 (9th Cir.1995)) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). Double counting is permitted "if the Sentencing Commission intended the result, and if the result
is permissible because 'each section concerns conceptually separate notions related to sentencing.' " United
States v. Adeleke,
968 F.2d 1159, 1161 (11th Cir.1992) (quoting United States v. Aimufua,
935 F.2d 1199,
1201 (11th Cir.1991)). Absent a specific direction to the contrary, we presume that the Sentencing
Commission intended to apply separate guideline sections cumulatively. United States v. Stevenson,
68 F.3d
at 1294.
In 1992 the United States Congress made robbery involving carjacking a federal crime by adding §
2119 to Chapter 103, Title 18 of the United States Code. Pub.L. 102-519, Title I, § 101(a), Oct. 25, 1992, 106
Stat. 3384. Pursuant to its authority (
28 U.S.C. § 994(a)) the Sentencing Commission amended U.S.S.G. §
2B3.1, entitled "Robbery," to provide for a two level increase of the base offense level if the robbery offense
involved a carjacking and amended the "Statutory Provisions" section of the "Commentary" to § 2B3.1 to
reference
18 U.S.C. § 2119, the carjacking statute, as one of the statutory provisions to which § 2B3.1
applied. United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual, App. C. Amendment 483.
Those amendments leave no doubt that the Sentencing Commission intended to apply the two point
enhancement to the base robbery offense level of 20 for convictions under § 2119, the carjacking statute. We
must assume that the Sentencing Commission knew that the two point enhancement at issue herein would be
imposed in every case involving a conviction under § 2119, that it intended this result, and that in effect it
was creating a base offense level of 22 for a conviction under § 2119.
The Sentencing Commission is authorized to provide such an enhancement as long as there is a
rational relationship between the enhancement and a legitimate governmental objective. See United States
v. Alexander, 48 F.3d at 1491. Appellant bears the burden of "demonstrating that the guideline provision is
irrational." United States v. Dudley,
102 F.3d 1184, 1187 (11th Cir.1997). Naves has failed to meet her
burden of demonstrating that the two point enhancement is irrational.
Clearly the Sentencing Commission could have added to the Manual a separate section for carjacking
with a base offense level of 22. It elected not to do so. Instead the Commission utilized the robbery section,
§ 2B3.1, which established a base offense level of 20 for the culpability incident to an offense involving
robbery in general. The Commission then provided a two level increase to reflect the heightened seriousness
of a robbery involving the violation of § 2119, the carjacking statute. In doing so, the Sentencing
Commission acted within its statutory authority.
Because we find no impermissible "double counting" in the district court's computation of appellant's
offense level, we conclude that the sentence was proper, and we affirm the conviction and sentence.
