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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 13-11392
________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 2:11-cv-03539-AKK; 2:11-cv-03555-AKK
2:11-cv-03539-AKK
BLOUNT COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
MELINDA BOWENS,
as parent and Next Friend of J.B., a minor,
Defendant-Appellee.
__________________________________________________________________
2:11-cv-03555-AKK
J.B.,
by and through his mother, Melinda B.,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JAMES E. CARR,
Superintendent of and for Blount County Board of Education,
Defendant-Appellant.

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________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
________________________
(August 5, 2014)
Before PRYOR and MARTIN, Circuit Judges, and HONEYWELL, * District
Judge.
PRYOR, Circuit Judge:
The Blount County Board of Education appeals the summary judgment that
requires the Board to reimburse Melinda Bowens for the cost of the placement of
her son in a private school. 20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq. The Board offered Bowens
other placement options for her autistic son, J.B., but she concluded that those
options were inadequate and enrolled J.B. in Mitchells Place, a private school.
When Bowens sought reimbursement for the tuition, the Board denied her request.
A hearing officer later found that the Board failed to offer a free appropriate public
education to J.B. before his third birthday, as required by the Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act, id. 1412(a)(1)(A), and that the Board instead
consented to J.B.s placement at Mitchells Place. The hearing officer ruled that the
Board must reimburse Bowens for J.B.s tuition from October 7, 2009, through
July 2010, plus mileage. The district court affirmed that decision. Because the

Honorable Charlene Edwards Honeywell, United States District Judge for the Middle District
of Florida, sitting by designation.
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district court did not abuse its discretion when it weighed the equities and
concluded that Blount County must reimburse Bowens, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
When J.B. was two years and four months old, doctors diagnosed him with
autism. Before that diagnosis, doctors had diagnosed J.B. as developmentally
delayed, and he received aid from the Early Intervention System of Alabama, an
agency that administers services to children from birth to age three under the
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. 20 U.S.C. 143144. Bowens
participated in several meetings with Early Intervention about J.B. and was
involved in the creation of an individualized family service plan to determine what
services and support were appropriate for him. Id. 1436. The coordinator for
Early Intervention arranged for the Sparks Clinic at the University of Alabama at
Birmingham to evaluate J.B. After that evaluation, the Sparks Clinic diagnosed
J.B. with autism.
In March 2009, Early Intervention alerted the Blount County Board of
Education that J.B.s third birthday would occur on October 27, 2009. Early
Intervention invited the Board to a transition planning meeting with J.B.s family
because the Act requires states to offer a free appropriate public education to
disabled children when they reach the age of three years. See 34 C.F.R.
300.101(b). The purpose of the meeting was to introduce J.B.s parents to the
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Board and to allow the attendees to explore possibilities for J.B.s future education.
The meeting was scheduled for the following month.
In April 2009, Bowens and representatives from the Board and Early
Intervention met at the transition planning meeting. Susan Betke, a service
coordinator with Early Intervention, acted as its representative. Jan Sullivan, a
speech and language pathologist with Blount County, represented the Board.
During the meeting, Sullivan offered three possible placement options for J.B.
when he turned three, but none of those facilities met J.B.s specific needs. Bowens
explained to Sullivan that those options were unsatisfactory. The three meeting
participants planned to meet again in May to continue discussing options for J.B.
Between the transition planning meeting and the meeting in May, Bowens
explored other options for J.B., but she still held out hope that the Board would
find an appropriate placement for J.B. and that Sullivan would offer more
promising options at the next meeting. She preferred to place J.B. in Blount
County because he would eventually attend kindergarten in that school system.
Based on her independent research, Bowens determined that Mitchells
Place, a private school, was the best option for J.B. Mitchells Place, in
Birmingham, Alabama, provided services and education to autistic children, and
J.B. could attend preschool there full-time. To secure a spot at Mitchells Place in
the event that the Board could not provide an appropriate option, Bowens
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completed an application as a backup plan. She toured Mitchells Place, paid an

application fee of $50, and later paid an additional $250 to include J.B. on the
Mitchells Place waiting list.
In May, Bowens again met with Sullivan and Betke to discuss placement
options for J.B. They reviewed the diagnosis from the Sparks Center, and Sullivan
told Bowens that the Board accepted all of the evaluations from the Sparks Center
and that the Board required no additional testing of J.B. Sullivan did not suggest
any placement options for J.B., other than those that they had discussed in the
April meeting.
When Bowens asked Sullivan about Mitchells Place, Sullivan responded
that Mitchells Place was an excellent placement option. Afterward, Sullivan acted
as though the meeting was finished. Before leaving, Bowens suggested that, to ease
the eventual transition to kindergarten, J.B. should meet with speech and
occupational therapists in Blount County about once a month. Sullivan agreed, and
the meeting concluded. Shortly after that meeting, Bowens made a $3,500 payment
to Mitchells Place for tuition. Sullivan and Bowens met again in August, and
Bowens confirmed that she planned to enroll J.B. at Mitchells Place. Sullivan
made no additional offers of placement. They did not discuss reimbursement.
In October 2009, shortly before J.B. turned three, Sullivan, Bowens, and
Derrick Bowens, J.B.s father, met to discuss J.B.s individualized education
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program. They agreed that Mitchells Place was the most appropriate placement
for J.B. based on the evaluation and recommendations of the Sparks Clinic. By
then, J.B. had already begun attending Mitchells Place, where he started in
August. They created an individualized education program that included special
language services twice a week with Sullivan and another therapist, as well as
consultation services to be provided once a month by Blount County. They then
signed paperwork, which included a statement that the Board accepted all
evaluations from the Sparks Center and that the Board needed no additional
evaluations. Sullivan also provided Bowens with a form for a representative of
Mitchells Place to sign. The form acknowledged that Mitchells Place would be
responsible for the implementation of J.B.s individualized education program.
J.B.s preschool teacher signed that form, and Bowens returned it to Sullivan.
Sullivan, Bowens, and Mr. Bowens never discussed reimbursement at the October
meeting.
Bowens later sent a letter to the Board in May 2010, in which she requested
a formal individualized education program meeting to discuss the upcoming school
year. The Board and Bowens met that month, and Bowens, for the first time,
requested reimbursement for the tuition that she had paid to Mitchells Place. The
Board postponed the meeting with Bowens so that it could determine its next step.
Representatives of the Board then met without Bowens and decided to offer J.B. an
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individualized education program that was substantially similar to the Mitchells

Place program. After it made that offer, Bowens declined and informed the Board
that J.B. would remain at Mitchells Place for the following year and that she
would be seeking reimbursement for that placement too. The Board denied all of
Bowenss requests for reimbursement.
Bowens responded by requesting a due process hearing to obtain
reimbursement from the Board. At that hearing, both Bowens and Betke testified
that Sullivan seemed to be unaware of the services available to J.B. in Blount
County. Sullivan testified that she did not offer any alternative to Mitchells Place
during the individualized education program meeting in October because Bowens
had already enrolled J.B. there. And Bowens testified that by that October meeting,
she made up her mind that J.B. would attend Mitchells Place for the entire 2009
2010 school year, but she also stated that it was with the districts full
knowledge. Bowens further testified that she did not know that they should have
discussed reimbursement at the meeting in October nor that she might be entitled
to reimbursement.
The hearing officer found that the Board had not offered a free appropriate
public education to J.B. because the facilities and services that Sullivan had
proposed were not appropriate. The hearing officer found that Bowens had not
unilaterally sent J.B. to Mitchells Place because the local education
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representative of the school system acquiesced and approved the parents

placement of their son in Mitchells Place. The hearing officer determined that
Bowens was entitled to reimbursement for the 20092010 school year, beginning
in October 2009 and ending in July 2010.
The Board then filed a civil action in the district court, and Bowens filed a
separate civil action and sought attorneys fees and costs as the prevailing party in
the administrative proceedings. See J.B. v. Carr, No. 2:11-cv-3555-WMA (N.D.
Ala. filed on Oct. 4, 2011). The district court consolidated the actions. The parties
filed cross motions for summary judgment, and the district court granted Bowenss
motion for summary judgment and denied the motion filed by the Board.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review awards of relief under section 1415(i)(2)(C)(iii) of the Act for
abuse of discretion. Draper v. Atlanta Indep. Sch. Sys., 518 F.3d 1275, 1284 (11th
Cir. 2008). The Act grants broad discretion to district courts, Sch. Comm. of
Burlington v. Dept of Educ., 471 U.S. 359, 369, 105 S. Ct. 1996, 2002 (1985), and
allows them to grant such relief as the court determines is appropriate. 20 U.S.C.
1415(i)(2)(C)(iii); see also Draper, 518 F.3d at 1284.
III. DISCUSSION
The Board cannot overcome the deferential standard of review that we
afford to a district court after it weighs the equities. See Florence Cnty. Sch. Dist.
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Four v. Carter, 510 U.S. 7, 16, 114 S. Ct. 361, 366 (1993). The district court
considered all of the relevant factors, Forest Grove Sch. Dist. v. T.A., 557 U.S.
230, 247, 129 S. Ct. 2484, 2496 (2009), and it did not abuse its discretion when it
agreed with the determination by the hearing officer.
The Act requires states that receive federal funding to make a free
appropriate public education available to all resident children with disabilities. 20
U.S.C. 1400(d)(1)(A), 1412(a)(1)(A); see also Loren F. v. Atlanta Indep. Sch.
Sys., 349 F.3d 1309, 131112 (11th Cir. 2003). The Act defines a free appropriate
public education as special education services that meet four criteria:
The term free appropriate public education means special education
and related services that
(A) have been provided at public expense, under public
supervision and direction, and without charge;
(B) meet the standards of the State educational agency;
(C) include an appropriate preschool, elementary school, or
secondary school education in the State involved; and
(D) are provided in conformity with the individualized education
program required under section 1414(d) . . . .
20 U.S.C. 1401(9). When a public school fails to provide a free appropriate
public education, and parents place their child in an appropriate private school, a
court may require the school district to reimburse the parents for the cost of the
private education. See 34 C.F.R. 300.148(c); Forest Grove, 557 U.S. at 23233,
129 S. Ct. at 248788.

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But reimbursement is discretionary, and a court may still deny someor

allreimbursement based on equitable considerations. See 20 U.S.C.
1412(a)(10)(C)(iii). For example, [t]he cost of reimbursement . . . may be
reduced or denied if the parents neither informed the individualized education
program team at the most recent meeting that they rejected the placement proposed
by the team and that they intended to enroll their child in a private school at
public expense, id., nor gave written notice of that information ten days before
they removed the child from public school. Id. Other equitable considerations
include whether the parents failed to make their child available for evaluation by
the school and whether a court finds that the parents acted unreasonably. Id; see
also Forest Grove, 557 U.S. at 247, 129 S. Ct. at 2496.
The Board argues that Bowens failed to request reimbursement at the last
meeting in October 2009 and, as a result, failed to satisfy a statutory [l]imitation
on reimbursement for a unilateral private school placement, 20 U.S.C.
1412(a)(10)(C)(iii), but the Board has it wrong for at least two reasons. First,
Bowens did not unilaterally enroll J.B. at Mitchells Place. Both the district court
and the hearing officer found that Sullivanand the Board by extensionagreed
to the placement of J.B. at Mitchells Place, and the Board does not contest that
factual finding. Because the Board approved or, at the very least, acquiesced in the
placement of J.B. at Mitchells Place, the provision for a limitation on
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reimbursement for a unilateral placement does not apply to this appeal. See also 20
U.S.C. 1412(a)(10)(B)(i) (providing for a free education when a school board
agrees to the placement of a child in a private school). Second, even if Bowens had
unilaterally placed J.B. at Mitchells Place, the provision for a limitation on
reimbursement still does not bar a claim for reimbursement. Instead, that provision
grants discretion to a district court to reduce[] or den[y] reimbursement in
accordance with the equitable considerationssuch as failure to give noticethat
the statute lists. Id. 1412(a)(10)(C)(iii); see also id. 1415(i)(2)(C).
The Board also argues that Bowenss placement of J.B. at Mitchells Place
and failure to alert the Board of her intent to seek reimbursement deprived it of an
opportunity to address her concerns, but we disagree. The Board argues that if
Bowens had provided notice at the October 2009 meeting that she intended to
request reimbursement, it would have offered additional services to satisfy its
obligations under the Act. But the Board again ignores that it agreed to the
placement of J.B. at Mitchells Place, so Bowens had no duty to notify the Board
that she planned to seek reimbursement.
We agree with the district court that the Act imposes a duty on the Board to
offer a free appropriate education at the outset, instead of waiting to see if a parent
will seek reimbursement for a private placement. To the extent that the Board was
harmed, Bowenss failure to request reimbursement was not the culprit; as the
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district court stated, the Board harmed itself when it offered inadequate option[s]
and [attempted to] wash its hands of its obligations. The Board cannot now
complain that it was not offered the opportunity for a do-over.
Bowens argues that we should grant her reimbursement for the 20102011
school year, but she did not appeal the denial of that reimbursement by the hearing
officer to the district court, nor to this Court. We will not consider that argument
for the first time on appeal. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d
1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004).
IV. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the summary judgment in favor of Bowens.

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